Overstatement & Understatement 夸大/缩小
• In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play down the magnitude or value of the subject. (把事情说的过分或把分量或程 度压低,是之鲜明有趣)
Hyperbole
•The noise was loud enough to wake up the dead. •He made a thousand and one excuses. •Julia is steeped in money to the throat and talks and thinks of nothing else. •It was raining cats and dogs.
Euphemism 婉言
• Substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one (用温和或模糊的说 法替换难听或生硬的说法的写法)
Euphemism
• • • • • • • • automobile engineer sanitary engineer dry cleaning engineer beautician grief therapist love child weight watcher medication plain/homely X.Y.Z have a visitor adjustment downward the Third World countries
• A special school for handicapped children • Challenged • X challenged vertically challenged/horizontally challenged • Relationship-challenged(lonely) • Financailly poor • Visually blind the mentally challenged – retard • Physicaalyy challenged the crippled cripples • Directiobnally challenged 营养欠佳的食品 • nutritionally challenged 方向感欠佳的人 • diet romantically challenged 缺少浪漫情调的
Transferred Epithet 移位修饰
• An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something. • A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. (把修饰语从它本 应修饰的名词之前移到与该名词有关的词之 前的写法) • The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck
Metonymy 换喻
• Substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. (用某一事物的名 称代替与之密切相关的另一事物名称)
Synecdoche 借代
• A part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part. (用部分代 表整体或整体代表部分)
• • • • • • • • • •
Penniless Mistress Cancer Spy Son of a bitch Tight Gambler Stupid pupil Slum strike
Hard up Lady friend Long illness Agent SOB Euphemism Thrifty Speculator Slow learner Sub-standard housing Industrial action
Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
• The use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality, implied comparison • (用一个词来指代与该词本来所指事物 有相似特点的另一个事物,暗含的比较).
残疾人的说法
• Cripple invalid disabled handicapped • We can do certain things like normal people, bu twe are not disabled; we are still able to do most things like them. • Disable: • The preparation and the satging of the 2008 olympic Games and Paralympic Games woill promote the cause for the people with disabilities and create a asociety where they are respected , cared for and helped. • Differently abled take th eplce of diasabled • Handicap: act as an impediment; place sb at a disadvantage without a good set of notes, you will handcap yourself when it comes to exams.
Brainstorm by using metaphor.
• • • • • • • • Love is … Love is … Love is … Love is … Love is … Love is … Love is … Love is … a physical force. magic. war. a patient. poison. a weapon. spring. fresh air.
Figurative speeches
Simile Personification Synecdoche Irony Alliteration Transferred Epithet Metaphor Metonymy Euphemism Oxymoron Hyperbole
Simile 明喻
• Comparison between two distinctively different things indicated by the word as or like ( 用like, as或其他词指出两个截然不 同的事物之间相似之处 ).
Personification 拟人
• To treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities, frequent use in poetry (把事物或概念 当作人或具备人的品质的写法叫拟人).
Personification Examples
Irony 反语
• The use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. (指与真正的 意思恰好相反的词-特殊效果).
Irony
•
Miss Maria Osborne, it is true, was attached to Mr. Frederick Augustus Bullock, of the firm of Hulker & Bullock; but hers was a most respectable attachment, and she would have taken Bullock Senior, just the same, her mind being fixed as that of a well-bred young woman should be, --- upon a house in Park Lane, a country house at Wimbledon, a handsome chariot, and two prodigious tall horses and footmen, and a forth of the annual profits of the eminent of Hulker & Bullock, all of which advantages were represented in the person of Frederick Augustus. • (W.M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair)
Metaphors on IDEAS
• Ideas are • people. • plants. • products. • commodities. • food. • money. • cutting instrument. Example Whose brainchild was that? That’s a budding theory. The idea needs to be refined. That’s a worthless idea. That argument smells fishy. He is rich in ideas. That cuts right to the heart of the matter.