Clinker CoolersU. Gasser / D. BrasselPT 97/14232/E (Revision 1, February 1999)1.INTRODUCTION (5)2.GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS (5)2.1Heat Flow in a Kiln System (6)2.2Definitions (7)2.3Calculations (11)3.GRATE COOLERS (14)3.1The Reciprocating Grate Cooler (14)3.1.1Principle (14)3.1.2History (17)3.1.3Conventional Grate Coolers (1980’s) (18)3.1.4Typical Grate Cooler Problems (22)3.1.5Modern Grate Coolers (1990’s) (24)3.1.6Design Highlights of Modern Grate Coolers (28)3.1.7Clinker Crushers (38)3.1.8Cooler control (43)3.1.9Cooler Dedusting (47)3.1.10Developments (50)3.2The Cross Bar Cooler (52)3.2.1Principle (52)3.2.2Main features (53)3.2.3Strengths and Weaknesses (55)3.3The Travelling Grate Cooler (58)3.3.1Principle (58)3.3.2Strengths and Weaknesses (61)4.ROTATING COOLERS (63)4.1The Rotary Cooler or Tube Cooler (63)4.1.1Principle (63)4.1.2Design Features (63)4.1.3Cooling performance (66)4.1.4Strengths / Weaknesses (66)4.2The Planetary Cooler (68)4.2.1Principle (68)4.2.2Historical (69)4.2.3Design features (71)4.2.4Internal heat transfer equipment (see Fig. 26) (72)5.VERTICAL COOLERS (75)5.1The Gravity Cooler (G - Cooler) (75)5.2The Shaft Cooler (75)SUMMARY 概述Clinker coolers have two tasks to fulfil: 熟料冷却机有两大作用：♦Recuperate as much heat as possible from the hot clinker by heating up the air used for combustion♦从孰料中回收尽可能多的热量来加热用于燃烧的空气♦Cool the clinker from 1400°C to temperatures adequate for the subsequent process equipment, normally to 100 - 200°C.♦把熟料从1400°C降低到适合后续工艺设备的温度，通常为100 - 200°C.There are mainly two different types of clinker coolers in operation with the following features: 主要有以下两种不同类型的冷却机Grate coolers 篦式冷却机♦Crossflow heat exchange through horizontal clinker bed with cold air from below.通过水平的熟料料层与来自篦板下的冷风进行热交换♦Cooling airflow exceeding combustion air requirement allows low clinker temperatures, but necessitates excess (waste) air dedusting.冷却风量多于需要的热风量可以降低熟料温度，但是会产生废气。
♦Modern cooler technology with sophisticated plates and forced aeration systems allow combustion air temperatures exceeding 1000°C.♦带有精密篦板和强制充气系统的现代冷却技术可使交换后的热空气达到1000°C.♦Trend to wider and fewer grates, less cooling air and fixed inlets逐步加宽和减少篦板：减少冷风和固定进口♦Largest units: 10’000 t/d最大能力：10’000 t/d♦Travelling grate (Recupol): last unit built around 1980移动篦板：最后一套生产于1980年左右。
Rotating coolers 回转式冷却机♦Rotary tube coolers with separate drive or planetary cooler attached to kiln shell 单筒冷却机有独立的驱动，而多筒冷却机要于窑筒体相连♦Quasi counter-current flow heat exchange准逆流实现热交换♦Cooling air determined by combustion air, no waste air冷风取决于热风，没有废气产生♦Heat exchange (recuperation) determined by condition of internal heat transfer equipment热交换取决于固有的传热设备♦Limited unit size, up to 3000 t/d♦限制单机产量：不超过3000 t/d♦Planetary cooler not suitable for precalciner technology 多筒冷却机对于预分解技术不合适♦Practically no new installation built anymore实际上再没有新的设备生产1. INTRODUCTION 介绍The clinker cooler is a vital part of the kiln system and has a decisive influence on the performance of the plant. Three key indicators characterize a good cooler:熟料冷却机是窑系统中重要的一部分，并且对工厂的生产起着决定性的作用。
好的冷却机有以下三个关键性指标;♦Maximum heat recuperation♦Minimum cooling air flow♦Unrestricted availability最大的热回收、最小的冷却风量、不受限制的设备运转率There have been periodic changes in trends during the past decades. Grate coolers were first introduced by Fuller Company (USA) around 1930. While its design was continuously being optimized, the grate cooler became the predominant type in the 1950's. In the late 1960's, the planetary cooler gained popularity which reached its peak in the 1970's, mainly due to its simplicity. Larger unit capacities with precalciner technology made the grate cooler the preferred solution again. A wave of grate cooler reengineering starting in the mid 1980's has generated a much improved grate cooler technology as well as a new situation on the suppliers' side. New problems were experienced and have been or are being solved.从冷却机的发展来看，过去的几十年来有个周期的变化。
大约1930年，篦式冷却机首先由（美国的）富勒公司引入，由于他的设计持续不断地优化，直到二十世纪五十年代，篦式冷却机成为主要类型的冷却机。
由于多筒式冷却机的简便易操作，在后来的二十世纪六十年代，多筒式冷却机变得比较普遍，到了七十年代达到巅峰。
预分解技术的单机能力加大，又使得篦式冷却机被优先选用。
八十年代中期，篦式冷却机的重新设计不但使得他的技术大大提高，而且供应商方面也有了新的位置。
遇到的新问题已经或正在被逐步解决。
Since cement plants have life cycles of 40 years and more, numerous units of each cooler type, planetary, rotary or grate cooler of old or new designs, will remain in operation for many more years.由于水泥厂的生命周期为40年或者更长，每种型号的冷却机，无论多筒的、回转的或篦板式的，还是以前设计的或新型的，在使用上都应该保持更长的时间。