1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situationA. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole5. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Comparative linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.7. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.8. Only human beings are able to communicate.9. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.10. The conventional nature of language is illustrated by a famous quotation from Shakespear’s play Romeo and Juliet: “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”.11. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.III. Fill in the blanks.12. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.13. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.14. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.15. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.16. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.Explain the following terms:syntaxanthropological linguisticsExplain Halliday's theory of metafunctions of language.Sounds1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech soundsA. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above3. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]4. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]5. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.6. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.7. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.8. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.9. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into long vs. short or tense vs. lax.10. In English, all the back vowels are rounded.11. In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded.III. Fill in the blanks.12. According to the feature of voicing, consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.13. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.14. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.15. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.17. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog.(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricative1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. content wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word DINK is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. compoundingD. blending8. The words like smog and motel are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymyII. Fill in the blanks.9. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.10. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.11. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.12. A word formed by derivation is called a __________ , and a word formed by compounding is called a __________ .13. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________ .Explain the following term, using examples.AllomorphInflectionBound root1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical4. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.6. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other.Explain the term "IC analysis".Explain the three types of syntactic relationsDistinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers”37. Draw a tree diagram of the sentence:The student wrote a letter yesterday.1. According to the “semantic triangle” presented by Ogden and Richards, the symbol or ________ refers to the linguistic elements(words, sentences, etc.), the ___________ refers to the object in the world of experience and the thought or reference refers to concept.2. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.3. The semantic component of the word _________ are +Human, +Adult, +male, -Married.4. ________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of the quality involved.5. We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as___________.A. polysemyB. antonymyC. homophonyD. hyponymy6. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__________.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites7. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “rose/tulip”A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homophonyD. co-hyponyms8. A word with several meaning is called___________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemic wordC. a synonymous wordD. None of the above9. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called _________ in semantic theory. A. mentalism B. conceptualism C. naming theory D. contexualism10. The pair of words “borrow/lend” are c alled __________.A. relational oppositesB. synonymsC. complementariesD. gradable opposites11. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is rightA. +human, -adult, -maleB. +human, +adult, -maleC. +human, +adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +male12. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip”A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy13. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as________.A. +human, +male, -adultB. +human, -male, -adultC. +human, +male, +adultD. +human, -male, +adultExplain the following term, using examples.1) Componential analysis2) Semantic triangleExplain the three kinds of antonymy.1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about7. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.8. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.9. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.10. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.11. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.12. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.13. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences14. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.15. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.16. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.17. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.18. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.19. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.20. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.21. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner. IV Analyze the implicatures in the dialogues1) A: Can you answer the phoneB: I’m in the bath.2) A: I have to leave now.B: It’s raining hard outside.V . What type of illocutionary act do the following utterances involve1)‘I suggest that you see a dentist as soon as possible.’2) ‘I will pay you the money I owe you next time.’3) ‘Passengers are reminded that flight No. 2284 leaves here at 7:00 sharp.’4)‘Shut up! Leave me alone!’5)‘I’m very sorry to hear that you’ve just lost your pet dog.’study of _ is Syntax.A textual organizationB sentence structuresC word formationD language functionsof the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human languageA arbitrarinessB productivityC cultural transmissionD finitenessspeech act theory was first put forward by_.A John ScarlB Johan AustinC Noam ChomskyD Hallidaystudy of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in condition is_.A morphologyB general linguisticsC phonologyD semanticsof the following is NOT a compound wordA LandladyB GreenhouseC UpliftD Unacceptableword holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies any whic h we don’t have to work. This is an example ofA meaning shiftB widening of meaningC narrowing of meaningD loss of meaning essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of___A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. contextwords "kid, child, offspring” are examples of___A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonymsdistinction between parole and langue was made by____A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussurerefers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation. A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguisticsdistinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPTA. lexicalB. syntacticC. phonologicalD. psycholinguisticword tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaningof the following is NOT a design feature of human languageA. ArbitrarinessB. Displacement.C. Duality.D. Diachronicity.type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry"A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called___A. hyponymy.B. synonymy.C. polysemy.D. homonymy.16. The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is ____A. corpus linguistics.B. sociolinguistics.C. theoretical linguistics.D. psycholinguistics.special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called( )A. dialect.B. idiolect.C. pidgin.D. register.a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing____A. an illocutionary act.B. a perlocutionary act.C. a locutionary act.D. none of the above.19. _____ refers to the learning and development of a language.A. Language acquisitionB. Language comprehensionC. Language productionD. Language instructionword “' Motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of_____ in morphology. A. backformation B. conversion C. blending D. acronymis the tool of communication. The symbol “' Highway Closed” on a highway serves( ) A. an expressive function. B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.22. ______ is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. Cognitive linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics23. A vowel is different from a consonant in English because ofA. absence of obstructionB. presence of obstructionC. manner of articulationD. place of articulation24. The definition ”the act of using , or promoting the use of, several languages ,either b y an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refer toA. PidginB. CreoleC. MultilingualismD. Bilingualism25. ____ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.A. OnomatopoeiaB. CollocationC. DenotationD. Assimilationsentence "Close your book and listen to me carefully!" performs a(n) _____ function.A. interrogativeB. informativeC. performativeD. directive27. Which of the following pairs of words are homophonesA. wind (v.) / wind (n.)B. suspect (v.) / suspect (n.)C. bare (adj.) / bear (v.)D. convict (v.) /convict (n.)English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel. This is a(n)( ) A. assimilation rule B. sequential rule C. deletion rule D. grammar ruleof the following is an example of clipping A. APEC B. Motel C. Xerox D. Disco30. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called A. register B. dialect C. slang. D. variety31. Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morphemeA. unlockB. government.C. goes D off-stage32. Which of the following sentences has the "S + V + O" structureA. He died a hero.B. I went to London.C. She became angry.D. Mary enjoyed parties.33. Which of the following CAN NOT be used as an adverbA. Heart and soul.B. The lion's share.C. Null and void.D. Hammer and tongs.BDBCD BDBDB DADBD DCAAC BCACA DCBDA CDB。