Fundamental Glossary in Hydraulics 水力学及河流动力学词汇Hydrostatics水静力学Hydrodynamics水动力学Physical properties of water水的物理性质Density密度specific gravity比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性uniform (ity) 均匀(性) Heterogeneous (ity)不均匀(性) Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力inertia force 惯性力pressure 压力(强)drag 阻力Mass force 质量力surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力strain 应变deformation 变形displacement 位移normal 法向tangent 切向shear 剪力acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度convective acceleration 迁移加速度compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量vector 矢量tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度curl 旋度gradient 梯度Source 源sink 汇Frequency 频率amplitude 振幅phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒momentum conservation动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减degradation降解Flow pattern流态flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流subcritical flow 缓流critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流)Pipe flow 管流pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流plume 卷流(羽流)cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构bursting猝发turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流unsubmerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数Froude number 佛汝德数Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数Peclet 彼克雷特数dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线V ortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环vortex street涡街Flux 通量circulation 环量vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge ,flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cro ss section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失frictional loss 沿程损失local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss进口水头损失exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰broad-crested weir 宽顶堰practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口nozzle管嘴Dam 坝sluice 水闸spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device消能工Stilling basin 消力池roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙bed load 床沙suspension load 悬沙wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变deposition淤积scour冲刷erosion侵蚀Grounder water地下水seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti]theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则similarity 相似性full scale 足尺reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器probe探头scale 比尺flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式)algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数parameter参数Explicit 显式implicit隐式stability 稳定性convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性accuracy 精度Error误差calibration 率定verification 验证application 应用prediction 预测reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐spring tide大潮neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧chemical oxygen demand(COD)化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(B OD) 生化需氧量Dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物constituent 组分eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水flood routing调洪演算flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流precipitation降水evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。