Means of expressing future time将来时间表示法一、将来时间表示法1. 情态助动词Modal auxiliary –will/shall ：Will/shall do通常用来表示表示将来时间，常常带有情态色彩，即说话人的主观态度和看法可表示预测,预见(Prediction), 意图(Intention), 意愿(Willingness), eg:1) A: Waiter, will my pizza be long? B: No, I expect it will be round as usual.2) Two fish were swimming together in a river.“Look,” said the first one. “It’s starting to rain.”“Quick. Let’s swim under the bridge,” said the second fish, “or we’ll get wet.”3) You will feel better after taking this medicine.4) I will do it, if you like.5) What shall I do with your mail? (征询听话人的意图)will/shall be -ing表示自然要发生(不包含意图和意愿*intention, *willingness)1) The train will be arriving at two o’clock.2) You can use my bike. I won’t be needing it tomorrow.表示将来某个时间动作正在进行, eg:1) I’ll be working in America during May.2) What will you be doing this time tomorrow morning?比较Will do & will be doing (同为表预测时prediction)Will do: 常常带有说话人的主观态度和看法& Will be doing: 表示自然要发生will/shall have done: 在将来某个点上某个动作已完成或刚刚完成1) I’ll have finished my work by five this afternoon.2) Before long he will have forgotten all about it.Will/shall have been –ing某个动作在将来某个点之前已经持续了一段时间，而且还可能继续下去1) By the end of this month I will have been working here for 20 years exactly.2) If it rains again tomorrow, then it will have been raining for a whole week.Will be doing/ will have done/ will have been doing在一定语境下并不表示将来而仅指说话者的猜测,如：1) It’s already six o’clock. He won’t be working now.2) He will have received my letter by now.3) You’ll have been wondering all this time how my invention works.2. Semi-auxiliary半助动词a. Be going to do1）打算在将来做某事A: I am going to buy one of those small Japanese radios. B: But how will you understand what they are saying?How long is he going to stay here?He’s going to be a doctor when he grows up.2）Feeling of certainty (prediction) 表预测、预见时表示已有迹象表明要发生或即将发生某种情况Eg: (Look at the watch) I must be hurry. I’m going to be late.I feel dizzy. I think I’m going to faint.Look at these black clouds – there’s going to be a storm.✧比较Will do & be going to doPrediction表预测、预见时Will: 说话者认为、相信某事要发生Be going to: 有迹象表明某事要发生Intention表意图时Be going to: 有事先经过考虑过Will: 临时想到的1) A. Why are you taking down all the pictures? B: I’m going to repaper the room.2) A: What a terribly heavy box! B: I’ll help you to carry it.b. Be to do:表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，如：1) I am to have tea with Betty this afternoon.常见于报纸和广播，用于宣布官方计划或决定，如：The Queen is to visit Australia next year.表命令，禁止等，如：You are to stand here. Do you understand? Tell her she’s not to be late again.表注定：Everyone is to die.3. Present progressive (be doing)现在进行时: 表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等，也可用于其他动态动词We’re leaving on Friday.The plane is taking off at 5:20.We’re moving to a different hotel the day after tomorrow.✧比较be doing & be to do两者都有确定计划，后者更加正式，且可以表示命令、禁止等；✧比较be doing & be going to doBe doing 有计划和安排& be going to do只不过考虑了一下，并无确定的计划4. Simple present一般现在时常见于条件句和时间分句中(more frequent than in main clauses)：If she comes, I’ll tell her about it.I’ll give it to you after I return.在主句中用一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态: She retires next month.Tomorrow is Friday.The train leaves at 7:30 this evening.✧比较Simple present & be doing一般现在时表将来：更加正式(more formal), 更加客观(more objective), 具有不可更改性(unalterable)1. Modal auxiliary情态助动词：Would do （will do 的过去式）2. Semi-auxiliary半助动词a. Was/were going to do 通常带有表示过去将来时间的状语He was going to play tennis that afternoon.He said he was going to stay in London for a while.可以表示没有实现的意图, eg: Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic but it rained.b. Was/were to 通常指按过去的计划、安排将在某个过去将来时间发生的事态，如：As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Thursday evening.如果表示过去的安排，如果这个安排后来被取消了，没有实现，则用“was/were to + have -ed”. 比较: We were to have left at six but it rained.This construction can also be used in the sense of “was destined to”, denoting a past destiny:They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again.c. Was/were about to 通常指最近的过去将来事态(Express the immediate future in the past)I felt that something terrible was about to happen.在一定语境中指未曾实现的意图(an unfulfilled intention): We were about to start when it began to rain.3. 过去进行时/一般过去时过去进行体表示过去将来：通常指按过去的计划、安排即将在某一过去时间发生的事态(past schedule, arrangement), eg:He said they were leaving in a few weeks.一般过去时表示过去将来: 通常用于某些条件状语和时间状语分句, eg:He said he would tell her all about it if/when he met her.。