linguists are “psychologically real” in that
they seem to shape the formulation of
Comprehension of speech
Bottom-up: phoneme
5
identification
Comprehension of speech
Top-down
1.Contextual clues
-eel was on the shoe.
Heel
-eel was on the orange. Peel
1.How do people comprehend language? 2.How do they produce it? 3.How do they acquire it? 4.How do they lose it? 5.How does a particular language affect cognition, if at all?
The swimmer rescued the lifeguard. The swimmer was rescued by the lifeguard.
4. Discourse level
Difficult to understand or remember: Short, vaguely written paragraphs without titles, pictures and other contextual clues
• How are the corresponding first language(L1) and second language(L2) words related and why does code switching occur relatively frequently?
• In what ways does our mother tongue interfere with the production of L2 speech?
• Practice • Conclusion • Reference
2
Introduction
• Psycholinguistics • The psychology of language • Cognitive science
Diversity &breadth
3
Definition :… any inquiry that attempts to use cognitive processing of linguistic data as a window to how the human mind operates.
• Why do we usually speak more slowly and hesitantly in a foreign language than in our mother tongue?
• How do speakers try to compensate for the gaps in their incomplete L2 system?
4
Research
Comprehension
• Common theme: how the linguistic activities most people perceive as simple and commonplace turn out, after scientific scrutiny, to be exceedingly complex processes.
They almost never violate phonotactic rules of a language.
Brake fluid to Blake fruid You noble ton ofs soil
பைடு நூலகம்
Briefly, slips of the tongue suggest that
many structures and rules posited by
PL finding: heavy reliance on bottom-up details does not significantly facilitate comprehensio7n.
Production
• Conceptualization • Formulation • Articulation • Self-monitoring
De Bot1992; Dornyei and Kormos 1998;Poulisse and Bongaerts 1994;
Chapter 13
9
Formulation:
slips of the tongue
Spoonerism:
“You noble tons of soil ” to “you noble sons of toil”
8
A special area of interest: how the production of a foreign language differs from speaking in one’s mother tongue.
• At which production stage is the language of the message decided?
2.Syntax : active easier than passive
The lifeguard rescued the swimmer. The swimmer was rescued by the lifeguard.
6
Comprehension of speech
Top-down
3.Semantic factors
Chapter 11
Psycholinguistic
25th Oct. 20114
Structure
• Introduction and Background • Research comprehension /production
/acquisition/dissolution/linguistic relativity