剑桥商务英语资料大全美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文等。

研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。

如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。

反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文篇首(Preliminaries)，(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一) 篇首：封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) ：引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes) (三)参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。

题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范围三.资料搜集的范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。

构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。

如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。

好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。

- 1 - 此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。

当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二)Summary：即主要的结论(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四)TechnicalSections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。

(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。

写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。

此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。

投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。

BEC中级口试全真试题Part I Phase I I: Good morning/afternoon. I’m … and this is my colleague …. S/he’s just going to listen to us. Could I have your mark sheets, please? (To A) What’s your name? Where are you from? A:回答I: Thank you. (To B) And you? B:回答I: Thanks. Do you work or are you a student, B? B: 回答I: (What do you do? What do you study?) B:回答I: What about you, A? (What do you do? What do you study?) A: 回答I: What do you like most about your job/studies, A? A:回答I: (Why?) A:回答I: What about you, B? B:回答Phase II 1 I: A, which specific skills will you need most in your career? (Why?) A:回答I: How about you, B? (Why?) B:回答I: B, what qualities does a good employee needto have? (Why?) B:回答I: What do you think, A? A:回答I: A, to what extent is it possible to train people in interpersonal skills?(Why/Why not?) A:回答- 2 - I: B, which special qualities do you think managers need to have? (Why?) B:回答2. I: Do you find the internet useful for your work/studies, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: How about you, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: Do you think the internet will become more widely used by companies in the future, B?(Why/Why not?) B:回答I: What do you think, A? A:回答I: Do you think that the internet is an effective channel for marketing a company’s products, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: Do you think other forms of advertising will continue to be more important than the internet, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答3. I: How ambitious are you for your career, A?(Why/Why not?) A:回答I: How about you, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: Do you think you are or would be a good manager, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: A, what do you think? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: Would you rather be a manager in a small company or a large corporation, A? (Why) A:回答I: Would you like to be the head of your own business, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答4.I: How do you feel about being away from home on business, A? (Why) A:回答I: What about you, B? (Why?) B:回答I: Do you think all hotels should provide special facilities for business people, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: How about you, A? What do you think? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: Do you think it is an advantage to stay in a large international hotel rather than a small hotel when on business, A? (Why/Whynot?) A:回答I: Do you prefer to stay in a hotel on your own or with colleagues, B? (Why?) B:回答 5. I: How important is it to you to have flexible working hours, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: What about you, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: Do you think that companies should control the number of extra hours staff work, B?(Why/Why not?) B:回答I: How about you, A? What do you think? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: Do you work more effectively at certain times of the day, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: Do you work faster when you have to meet a deadline, B? (Why/Why not?) 6. I: Are you influenced by company logos when you choose services or products, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答I: What about you, B? (Why/Why not?) B:回答I: What kinds of popular events or personalities do you think companiesshould be involved in sponsoring, B? (Why?) B:回答I: What are you, A? What do you think? (Why?) A:回答I: Do you think that sponsoring sports events or personalities is the most effective form of advertising, A? (Why/Why not?) A:回答- 3 - I: B, do you think companies will make more use of sponsorship in the future as a way of advertising? (Why/Why not?) B:回答BEC中级口试全真试题Part Ⅱis important when planning a presentation? Finding out about the audience Researching the topic is important when aiming to improve customer service? Staff Training Customer Satisfaction Surveys is important when managing a project? Encouraging Teamwork Keeping to schedule is important when motivating staff? Financial benefits Career development Opportunities is important when dealingwith competition? Pricing policies Advertising strategies is important when planning health and safety training? Selecting topics Selecting staff to attend 7:What is important when choosing new office equipment? Prices and discounts Brand names is important when entertaining foreign business clients? Venue for entertainment Cultural Differences is important when aiming to reach new markets? Market research Advertising is important when choosing a management training course to attend? Program Contents Length of course is important when relocating a business? Local workforce available Location of site is important when advertising a new product? Target markets Choice of media is important when starting a new job? Knowledge of company procedures Help from company staffis important when selecting staff for marketing trips abroad? Position in the company Previous experience of other countries - 4 - is important when aiming to reduce production costs? Efficiency of production line Cost of raw materials is important when choosing people to work in teams? Variety of experience Personal qualities is important when dealing with a heavy workload? Time management Sharing tasks is important when developing new products? Market research Pricing is important when being interviewed for a job? Information about the company Personal appearance is important when exhibiting at a trade fair? Quality of display Staff selected is important when introducing a reward system for staff? Purpose of the reward system Types of reward offered is important when entertaining clients? Typesof activities Cost is important when choosing retail premises to rent? Location Length of contract is important when deciding on packaging for products? Image Production process is important when selecting staff for promotion? Attitude to work Current performance is important when considering a career change? Future study or training Opportunities for future promotion is important when planning an advertising campaign? Market research Selecting appropriate media is important when choosing transport for a business trip? Convenience Cost-effectiveness is important when aiming for promotion? Quality of performance Company loyalty is important when exporting goods or services for the first time? Personal Contacts Professional advice - 5 - is important when dealing withcomplaints from clients? Offering an apology Suggesting a solution to the problem is important when setting prices for new products? Production costs Competitors’pricesis important when aiming to reduce staff turnover? Financial incentives Career structure 33. What is important when planning the layout of a new store? Attractiveness Security of goods is important when choosing a new sales agent? Experience of agent Number of contacts 35 What is important when monitoring the quality of service provided? Feedback from customers Checking sales figures 36: What is important when…? selecting applicants for a job work experience personal qualities 37: What is important when…? choosing a new supplier price and discountsreputation 38: What is important when…? aiming to improve production quality up-to-date equipment staff training 39: what is important when…? preparing for a job interview studying the job advertisement finding out about the company 40: what is important when…? deciding whether to attend a conference venue speakers 41: What is important when…? developing new products market research costs involved BEC中级口试全真试题Part III 1. Program for New Staff The manufacturing company you work for would like to introduce a full programme of training for new staff. You have been asked to help prepare the programme. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what should be covered by the training programme - 6 - --- how else new staff can be helped to settle intotheir jobs as quickly as possible 2 Company Dress Code Your Managing Director is unhappy with the general standard of dress among staff. You have been asked to make recommendations about introducing a dress code or company uniform. Discuss the situation together, and decide: ---what the advantages and disadvantages of having a company uniform would be --- what kind of dress code would be appropriate for staff in different types of jobs 3 Staff Training Your company has decided to use an outside agency for training sales staff. You have been asked to have preliminary discussions with the agency to organise this. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what information you will need to provide for the agency ---what kinds of questions you will need to ask the agency 4. Company Video The manufacturingcompany you work for is planning to make a video to show to potential customers and investors. You have been asked to help with planning the video. ---Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- which departments and activities in the company should be included in the video ---which company personnel should appear in the video 5. Business Magazine Article An international business magazine is sending a journalist to write about your region, and wants to include an article about the retail company you work for. You have been asked by your company to help the journalist plan the article. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what kinds of information should be included in the article - 7 - --- how this article could benefit your company 6. Opening a Branch Abroad The retail company you work for has decided to open a branchabroad for the first time. You have been asked to help with the planning of the new branch. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what staffing arrangements might be necessary for the new branch --- which information about premises in that country it would be useful to find out about 7. Entertaining Foreign Clients Your company is entertaining a group of foreign clients for three days, including one non-working day. You have been asked to plan a programme for the visit. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what kinds of activities would be suitable for the visit --- what information it would be useful to know about the clients before finalizing the program 8. Work Experience Programme The manufacturing company you work for has decided to offer a two-week work experience programme for a smallgroup of students from a local business college. You have been asked to help with the preparations for this programme. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what kinds of work experience the company might offer --- how the participants should be selected 9. English Language Training Your company is planning to offer 30 hours of English language training to employees. You have been asked to help with the planning and organization of the training. Discuss the situation together, and decide: - 8 - --- how to encourage employees to take part in the training --- what kind of schedule would be suitable for the training 10. Teamwork Your company is sending a small group of employees away together for three days to encourage them to work as a team. You have been asked to help plan the programme. Discuss the situation together, and decide:--- what practical arrangements the company needs to make before the trip --- what work and leisure activities would be suitable for the group Business Trip Your company is attending a trade fair in a foreign country for the first time. You have been asked to help with the preparations for the trip. Discuss the situation together, and decide: ---what travel and accommodation arrangements you will need to make before the trip ---which kinds of business customs in the foreign country it would be useful to know about, and how to find out about these before the trip 12. (For three candidates) Entertaining Foreign Clients Your company is entertaining a group of foreign clients for three days, including one non-working day. You have been asked to plan a programme for the visit. Discuss the situation together, and decide:--- what kinds of activities would be suitable for the visit --- which members of staff should accompany the visitors --- what information it would be useful to know about the clients before finalizing the programme 13. For three candidates Work Experience Programme - 9 - The manufacturing company you work for has decided to offer a two-week work experience programme for a small group of students from a local business college. You have been asked to help with the preparations for this programme. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- what kinds of work experience the company could offer . how the participants should be selected --- what feedback and evaluation should take place after the programme has finished 14 For three candidates English Language Training Your company is planning to offer 30hours of English language training to employees. You have been asked to help with the planning and organization of the training. Discuss the situation together, and decide: --- which staff would benefit most from English language training . how to encourage employees to take part in the training ---what kind of schedule would be suitable for the training 15 For three candidates Teamwork Your company is sending a small group of employees away together for three days to encourage them to work as a team. You have been asked to help plan the programme. Discuss the situation together and decide: --- what practical arrangements the company needs to make before the trip --- which work and leisure activities would be suitable for the group --- how to evaluate the success of the trip BEC中级模拟口试试题Stage OneInterlocutor: Good morning. My name is John Smith, and this is my colleague, Mary Clinton. And your names are Li Hua and Wang Wei? - 10 - Li: Yeah Wang: Yeah Interlocutor: Thank you. Now, first of all, we\’d like to know something about each of you. Mr. Li, can you tell me about yourself? Li: My pleasure. As you know, my name is Li Hua. I\’m from Jiangsu province. I\’m now studying in Suzhou University. And I\’m majoring in international trade there. Interlocutor: Thank you. Mr Li. Now Mr. Wang, can you tell me about your ambitions? Wang: Yes. I am now a student with Suzhou University majoring in business administration. I hope I can get my MBA and join a world-famous multinational company. And after I have had enough experience, I am going to start a company of my own. Interlocutor: Thankyou, Mr. Wang. And Mr. Li, could you tell me about your ambitions? Li: A big question for me indeed. I\’ve never thought about it, but I bet I\’ll work towards a CEO of a big multinational corporation. That\’s my g oal in life. And that\’s why I am spending so much time on English, business English in particular. Interlocutor: Mr. Li, you said you\’re spending a lot of time on business English. Do you think business English is difficult to learn? Li: Not exactly, though it may be difficult at the initial stage. The thing is that you need to have some business knowledge before you start to learn business English. Interlocutor: How about you, Mr. Wang? Is it difficult for you? Wang: Not really. You know, I like English very much, and my major is business administration. So I have always found business English very interesting. Stage Two Theimportance of having a good CV Well, in my opinion, you can never underestimate the importance of having a good CV. In themajority of cases, your CV is the employer\’s first impression of you, your first chance to impress your potential employer, let\’s say. It is the essential illustration of your suitability for the job, showing how your skills and experience match your employer\’s requirements. But more than that, it shows your ability to summarize, prioritize and present information effectively, essential skills in today\’s job market. It also shows your linguistic and communicative abilities. Even though employers these days use a variety of selection techniques, such as analyzing your handwriting, a good CV is still the single most important part of any application.- 11 - Stage Three Time Management Your company has found that ineffective time management is one of the major problem areas throughout the workforce. You have been asked to put forward some suggestions for improvingthe situation. Discuss, and decide together: ------why poor time management can become a major problem in companies ------what procedures could be adopted to ensure that time is managed effectively. Zhang: Hi, Ms Wang, you know, our company is sort of out of control these days. Don\’t you think so? Wang: Yeah. Everything seems to be in disorder here in our company. And that obviously has a lot to do with poor time management. Zhang: You mean poor time management has caused all these problems. Why? Wang: When time is not well planned within a company, they usually do notallocate blocks of time to specified tasks. They do not have a definite idea of when they should complete a certain task. And … Zhang: And I think they often neglect the ordering of priorities. I mean certain tasks need our prior attention. But in our company every task is treated on an equal basis,even if it is a very urgent task. Wang: That\’s the point. So time should be planned according to the importance of the tasks we need to deal with. Zhang: So what do you think we can do so that time is managed effectively here in our company? Wang: You mean what procedures we can adopt? Zhang: Sure. That\’s what our boss is asking us to do. Right? Wang: Right.I think we\’ve got a lot to do. First, we should make all the staff members realize how important effective time management is to our company. Zhang: Yes, I think we can give them instructionin time management, especially those in supervisory positions. - 12 - Wang: Right, perhaps we can run a few training programs for them. If need, we may invite some experts from outside to help us. Zhang: Another thing we can do is to make all the managers, or even every staff member,come up with a job description of their own. In this way, they can be pretty sure about what they are responsible for and what they are not. Wang: Yes, that\’s a good idea. And I think, the top managers of our company should come up with a set of rules as to what kind of jobs should be given priority to. In this way,we can make sure that important tasks are dealt with first. Zhang: Good idea. So to sum up, our company should run a few training programs, and every staff member should write a job description of their own. Wang: And rules should be made as towhat kind of job should be given priority to. Edited by Glen Luo - 13 -。