临床五年制精神病学题库（人卫第六版）精神分裂症：一组病因未明的精神病，多起病于青壮年，常有感知、思维、情感、行为等多方面的障碍和精神活动的不协调。
一般无意识障碍和明显的智能障碍，病情多迁延。
Schizophrenia：a form of schizophrenia characterized by severe disintegration of personality including erratic speech and childish mannerisms and bizarre behavior; usually becomes evident during puberty; the most common diagnostic category in mental institutions焦虑症：是神经症的一种，以广泛和持续性焦虑或反复发作的惊恐不安为主要特征，常伴有自主神经功能紊乱、肌肉紧张与运动性不安。
包括广泛性焦虑障碍和惊恐障碍两种类型。
Anxiety neurosis/disorder : is a kind of neurosis, with extensive and constant anxiety or recurrent alarmed as the main feature, which often accompany autonomic dysfunction, muscle tension and athletic uneasiness. It divides into general anxiety disorder（GAD) and panic disorder .妄想::是一种不理性、与现实不符且不可能实现但坚信的错误信念。
它包括错误的判断与逻辑推理。
即使把事实或已经被完全论证的理论摆在妄想者的面前，也很难动摇他的信念，妄想大都出现在精神病状态下，如精神分裂症Delusion is a kind of irrational, unrealistic and can not beachieved with, but believe that the false belief. It includes the wrong judgments and logical reasoning. Even if the facts or theory has been fully demonstrated in front of those who placed in the delusion,it is difficult to shake his faith, delusion mostly in mental state, such as schizophrenia感知综合障碍::是指病人在感知某一现实事物时，作为一个客观存在的整体来说是正确的，但对该事物的个别属性,如大小、形状、颜色、空间距离等产生与错误的感知，多见于癫癎。
Psychosensory disturbance:General perception of the patient perception of barriers is a reality of things, as a whole, an objective existence is correct, but the individual attributes of things, such as size, shape, color, distance, etc. have anything to do with the phase Consistent with the perception.儿童多动症是儿童多动综合征的简称。
儿童多动综合征即轻微脑功能障碍综合征，是一种比较常见的儿童心理障碍综合征。
患儿智力正常或接近正常，活动过多（部分病例无活动过多的表现），注意力不集中，情绪不稳，冲动任性，并常伴有有不同程度的学习困难。
Hyperactivity in children is children hyperactivity syndrome abbreviation. Children hyperactivity syndrome is mild brain dysfunction syndrome, it is a more common childhoodpsychological barriers syndrome. Children with normal mental or close to normal, excessive movement (partial cases, no excessive movement performance), inattention, moody, impulse capricious and are often accompanied by different levels of learning difficulties.精神发育迟滞（mental retardation）是指先天或围生期或在生长发育成熟以前，大脑的发育由于各种致病因素，如遗传、感染、中毒、头部外伤、内分泌异常或缺氧等因素，使大脑发育不良或受阻，智能发育停留在一定的阶段。
随着年龄的增长其智能明显低于正常的同龄人。
Ｐ１８６Mental retardation (MR) is a generalized disorder appearing before adulthood, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors. 幻觉(hallucination) 指没有现实刺激作用于感觉器官时出现的知觉体验，是一种虚幻的知觉。
幻觉是临床上最常见而且最重要的精神病性症状，常与妄想合并存在。
Perception of visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory experiences without an external stimulus and with a compelling sense of their reality, usually resulting from a mental disorder or as a response to a drug.神经衰弱：是指由于长期处于紧张和压力下，出现精神易兴奋和脑力易疲乏现象，常伴有情绪烦恼、易激惹、睡眠障碍、肌肉紧张性疼痛等；这些症状不能归因于脑、躯体及其他精神疾病。
病情时轻时重，波动与心理社会因素有关，病程多迁延。
Neurasthenia：is characterized by general lassitude, irritability, lack of concentration, worry, and hypochondria. Neurasthenia covers a wide spectrum of symptoms, including painful sensations or numbness in parts of the body, chronic fatigue, anxiety, and fainting.痴呆：是一种综合征是后天获得的智能、记忆和人格的全面受损。
单没有意识障碍。
其发生具有脑器质性病变基础。
临床主要表现为创造性思维受损，抽象、理解、判断推理能力下降，记忆力、计算力下降，后天获得的知识丧失，工作和学习能力下降或丧失，甚至生活不能自理，并伴有行为精神症状，如情感淡漠、行为幼稚及本能意向亢进等。
根据大脑病理变化的性质和所涉及的范围大小的不同，可分为全面性痴呆及部分性痴呆。
Ｐ５２Dementia：is a serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging. It may be static, the result of a unique global brain injury, or progressive, resulting in long-term decline due to damage or disease in the body.谵妄：是一组表现为急性、一过性、广泛性的认知障碍，尤以意识障碍为主要特征。
因急性起病、病程短暂、病情发展迅速，故又称为急性脑综合征。
Delirium：is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome with core features of acute onset and fluctuating course, attentional deficits and generalized severe disorganization of behavior.遗忘综合征（anmnestic syndrome）：又称柯萨可夫综合征（Korsakoff's syndrome），是由脑器质性病理改变所导致的一种选择性或局灶性认知功能障碍，以近事记忆障碍为主要特征，无意识障碍，智能相对完好。
An organic brain syndrome marked by short-term memory disturbance.Alzheimer’ disease（阿尔茨海默病）：是一组病因未明的原发性退行性脑变性疾病。
多起病于老年期，潜隐起病，病程缓慢且不可逆，临床上以智能损害为主。
病理改变为皮质弥漫性萎缩，沟回增宽，脑室扩大，神经元大量减少，并可见老年斑，神经元纤维缠结等病变。
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive, ultimately fatal, disorder in which certain types of nerve cells in particular areas of the brain degenerate and die for unknown reasons. 精神活性物质（psychoactive substances）又称物质或者成瘾物质、药物：指能够影响人类情绪、行为、改变意识状态，并有致依赖作用的一类化学物质，人们使用这些物质的目的在于取得或保持某些特殊的生理、心理状态。