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一、记忆研究中的各种变量（6）
Control Variables: Memory experiments are typically
quite well controlled. Important variables that are usually held constant across conditions are the amount of material presented and the rate of presentation, though these can be interesting variables in their own right.
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二、艾宾浩斯与巴特利特的研究
艾宾浩斯（1850~1909）与巴特利特（F. C. Bartlett，1886~1979）是记忆研究的两位先驱， 虽然他们研究记忆的途径是对立的，但两人都对 后来的记忆研究产生了很大的影响。
1885年，Ebbinghaus: On Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. 1932年，Bartlett: Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. 1956年，Miller: Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information
In each case, the dependent measure in tests of recall and recognition is the number or proportion of items correctly recalled or recognized in different conditions or the number of errors, which amounts to the same thing. Sometimes a derivative measure is used, such
Recently, the study of implicit memory tests has intrigued cognitive psychologists. Although these tests do not require people to consciously remember the material they have studied, performance on these tasks is influenced or “primed” by previous exposure to the material.
That is, implicit memory tests are tasks that can be performed without specific reference to the previous experiences in the laboratory.
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一、记忆研究中的各种变量（5）
Independent Variables: Many types of variables are
manipulated in experiments on human memory. One of the most popular variables historically has been the nature of the material presented for memory. It can be letters, digits, nonsense syllables, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, or long passages of prose; the characteristics of each of these types of material can also be varied; The retention interval between presentation of material and test; Modality of presentation; Study strategy; The nature of the memory test given to people.
一、记忆研究中的各种变量（2）
Three popular recall tests are serial recall, free recall, and pairedassociate recall.
Recognition tests are generally of two types.
Yes/No recognition tests;
The modality of presentation is another factor that must not vary, unless it is a variable of major interest.
If some characteristic of the material is being varied, then it is necessary to hold constant other factors.
as d' from the theory of signal detection.
Recently, investigators concerned with recognition have used reaction time as a dependent measure.
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一、记忆研究中的各种变量（4）
Forced-choice recognition tests
Forced-choice tests are preferred to yes/no tests because correcting for guessing is less of a problem.
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一、记忆研究中的各种变量（3）