第二章英汉语言对比A comparison between English and Chinese第一部分Part OneIf one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation.刘重德《文学翻译十讲》Procedures of today•Similarities between English and Chinese•Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) •Exercises in class•Assignments of today英汉语言的相同之处similarities•词类划分:•汉语：实词（content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词（结构助词―的‖、―地‖、―得‖，时态助词―着‖、―了‖、―过‖，情态助词―吗‖、―呢‖、―吧‖、―啊‖、―嘛‖、―了‖等）•英语：实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词虚词（function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be）•英语量词，汉语冠词•E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc.英汉语言的相同之处similarities•词类划分•句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语（表语）、定语和状语的划分。
特别是主语和谓语，从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P)e.g. I like your new hairstyle.我喜欢你的新发型。
It is cute.它很可爱。
People are always talking about ―the problem of youth‖. If there is one –which I take leave to doubt –then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings – people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the hub is.人们总是在谈论―年青人问题‖。
如果真有这么一个问题——对此我不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的，而不是年青人自己造成的。
让我们认真考虑问题的实质，而且我们要承认年青人毕竟是人——是跟他们长辈一样的人。
年青人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是年青人的光辉未来在前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在了身后，或许这就是问题所在。
•We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But with all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live our lives.•中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区，光、热、水和土等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的发展。
特别是在黄河流域与长江流域，农耕生产是主要的经济方式。
•With the territory in the temperate and subtropical zones, the natural resources such as light, heat, water and soil are fit for the development of the agricultural economy. Especially in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley, farming is the major economic mode.英汉语言的差异Differences•词汇差异（vocabularies）•语法形态的差异(grammars)•句法差异(syntax)•修辞差异(figures of speech)•段落与篇章差异(paragraphs and discourses)Differences between vocabularies (Ⅰ)•各种词性的使用频率•英语语法重在动词，但使用较少，汉语则惯用动词或动词词组•英语的代词使用频率高•英语中的介词数量多，具有巨大的搭配联结能力和表达功能•英语形容词表达能力强英语名词与汉语动词•Out of his (Jefferson’s) tremendous energy came inventions, books, new ideas and new starts in every field of human endeavor.•他(Jefferson) 精力极其充沛，他创造发明，著书立说，阐发新思想，并在人类努力从事的各个领域中有所开创。
•His preoccupation with business left little time for his family.•他全神贯注于事业，因而能与家人共度的时间很少。
•他们慢慢地沿着整个北冰洋岸航行，一路仔细观察。
•Little by little they went along the entire coast of the Arctic Ocean, making careful observation on the way.•天已经擦黑，虫鸣蛙噪，一片喧闹。
•It is already dark, and the chorus of insects and frogs is in full swing. More examples•Spontaneity has never been my forte. As a 14-year-old, I would refuse to go for walks around the block with my friends if I was the least bit behind my schoolwork.•一时冲动心血来潮的做事向来不是我的专长。
14岁时我就这样，那排只有一点作业没做完，我都不会丢开书本和朋友去玩。
•畅游在卢瓦河上，仿佛行进在历史、艺术与现实的交错之中，这欧洲的一角已被深深的镌刻在人们心中。
•A journey on the Loire is a meander in history, art and daily life. It is a corner of Europe that etched itself deeply in the heart and mind.代词的使用•A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.•江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。
住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过，还得带一身泥回来。
（唐弢《故乡的雨》）•A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed.•画家将已经完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。
作曲家写完了一部作品，得由演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。
•江南的春天素称多雨，一落就是七八天。
住在上海的人们，平日既感不到雨的需要，一旦下雨，天气是那么阴沉，谁也耐不住闷在狭小的家里；可是跑到外面，没有山，没有湖，也没有经雨的嫩绿的叶子，一切都不及晴天好；有时阔人的汽车从你身旁驰过，还得带一身泥回来。
•Spring in the south is known to be rainy. During this season, it never rains there but it remains wet for seven or eight days on end. Dwellers in Shanghai, who usually do not feel the need for rain, will be bored with having to confine themselves in their close quarters when outside it is gloomy with rain. While in the open, seeing no mountains, nor lakes, nor rain-drenched soft green leaves, you’ll find nothing comparable to a fine day. Sometimes, worse still, a rich man’s car flashing past may splash you all over with mud. (Tr. by Zhang Peiji)介词的使用•I think he is above doing such a thing.•我想他是不会做出这种事情来的。