➢ 不仅是产品或服务的制造外包出去，外包出去的还有负责管理、发展和后续提升的活动。
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3.2 Guiding research questions of outsourcing research
• Why to outsource：
➢ Cost savings ➢ Process improvement and the need to concentrate on core competences ➢ Capability enhancement
product internally (using hierarchies), it should be bought in the markets, i.e. contracted out.
• A resource-seeking strategy and resource-based theories • A modular systems theory
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2 Evolution of outsourcing practice
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3.1 Evolution of the outsourcing concept
• Transaction cost economics and contracting out • A slightly different view: whether to make or to buy
服务外包理论与实务
30+ Years of Research and Practice of Outsourcing——Exploring the past and anticipating the future
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1 Introduction
• Outsourcing: originated in 1950s and adopted widely in 1980s. • 1776,Adam Smith : ”an Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
– Remain unknown about the challenges and possibilities of outsourcing among SMEs
– 中小企业随着发展会逐步积累成长资源，但也同时失去过去促使它们快速成长的 灵活性，这时外包就是一个很好的解决办法，但是中小型企业在外包业务中上会 遇到不同于大企业的问题
– the costs of managing the relationship portfolio also increases as the distinct number of vendors increase, because the managerial task of managing and aligning the portfolio becomes more complicated.
– Selecting the performance criteria
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4.1 Future research questions and topics for outsourcing research
• “By the end of year 2003 we had developed a sort of bucket of suppliers that we were involved with and costs started to go up and fast, not because we were paying them more per-work-done but the management of this network increased internal workload”.
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3.3 Underlying theory base of outsourcing
• Basic doctrine concerning the question of why firms outsource:
➢ transaction cost economics ➢ the internalization and externalization dichotomy ➢ if using the markets resulted in lower transaction costs than making a
• Definition of outsourcing: the transfer of activities and processes previously conducted internally to an external party (Ellram and Billington, 2001)
– 随着供应商的增加，管理和调整投资组合变得越来越复杂，给企业管理带来挑战。
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4.2 New contexts for outsourcing research
• “For a small firm outsourcing really does provide distinct challenges. When you are small your volumes are small also. Outsourcing with small volumes even with good rationales is sometimes unprofitable. Also, when you are small, you create only little business for the much larger outsourcing providers. You really do not have the negotiation power towards the vendors as you might have in larger firms.”
• Nowadays ： The definition of outsourcing can be viewed from two perspectives: product or process.
➢ “the transfer of the production of goods or services that had been performed internally to an external party.”
– The competence-based or knowledge-based(e.g., Grant, 1996) view is often seen as a revised version of the resource-based view/theory of the firm.
• Theories of evolution and learning • Principal-agent (agency) theory
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4 Future insights on outsourcing
• “What really interests me in outsourcing from a research perspective is that why do others succeed and others fail in their outsourcing endeavors?”
the Wealth of Nations”, 劳动分工能提高生产率。 • Transaction Cost Theory are often referred to as the prominent
ideas behind outsourcing.
➢ 1937,Coase : 组织内交易应当选择在其成本低于与市场交易的成本的时候进行。 ➢ 1975,Williamson : 分工不仅限于企业内员工，更可以是独立的专业化组织。
• What to outsource : (gaps)
➢ 除了交易成本分析之外的其他外包的可能性 ➢ 核心业务可以多大程度上被外包
• Where to outsource : (under-researched)
➢ Offshore outsourcing ➢ Making location decisions
➢ The focus is on new organizational structures ➢ Transformational outsourcing aims at creating an adaptive, modular
organization ➢ 过去紧密的组织结构被松散的网络化组织结构取代
➢ See the transfer of production as a means of extending rather than relinquishing control over production
➢ ‘co-operating’ and ‘coordination’ in using market mechanisms
• Contracting out cannot be used as a synonym for outsourcing • Evolved with the development of practice
✓ “依赖外部资源来生产产品或进行增值活动” ✓ “把所有或部分组织内活动移交给外部供应商”
– 离岸外包中两个组织间的跨文化冲突
– Risk and risk management : financial , intellectual property , political matters
• One further research question : when to outsource
• How to outsource :
➢ The process of outsourcing (domestic : planning, developing, implementing and evaluation; international : unexplored)