8. Modern Language Association Style现代语言学会论文格式/question/30417790.html现代语言学会(MLA)格式要求在正文中用括号注明引语的出处，而不用尾注或者脚注。
这方面的信息包括作者的姓名和页码，向读者提示关于引语出处的详细信息已被列入正文之后的参考文献中。
8.1 Content of Parenthetical Citations （引文出处信息）引语出处的信息一般只包括作者姓名和页码，中间不需要逗号。
当作者姓名已出现在文句中，就不需要在括号中再重复。
Author named in text（行文中出现作者姓名）Graff defines his recent book, Professing Literature, as “a history of academic literary studies in the United States” (1).Author not named in text（行文中不出现作者姓名）Several scholars have studied recent developments in academia in the context of the history of university teaching (e. g., Graff ).Modern literary studies have their origin in classical studies (Graff 19-35 ).Reference to entire book（提及某部专著）当在行文中仅仅提及某部专著的名称及其作者时，无须在括号中提供其它信息。
读者会通过作者姓名在参考文献书目中去查找相关信息：Slade’s revision of a Form and Style incorporates changes made in the 1995 edition of the MLA Handbook.Work with four authors（有多位作者的专著）当专著有四位或者更多作者时，可列出所有四位作者或者仅仅给出第一位作者的姓，并在其后注明“et al”。
(et alii，“and others”的缩写，意为“等等”):The authors of Women’s Way of Knowing make a distinction between “separate knowing” and “connected knowing”(Belenky et a1. 100-30) or (Belenky, Clinchy, Goldberger,and Tarule 100-30).当两位作者是父子关系时，在儿子的姓氏后面加Jr.，并用逗号隔开。
That book chronicles visionary experiences in early modern Spain (Christian, Jr.).Editor or compiler（编辑整理者）列出编辑者，整理者，或译者的姓而无须象在参考文献书目中那样用缩写单词注明其身份：Many of the articles in Research on Composing advocate further exploration of the motivation for writing (Cooper and Odell ).Corporate author（集体作者）集体作者使用组织的名称来替代作者的名称(如果组织名称冗长，在第一次引用之后使用简称)。
The annua1 report revealed substantial progress in fundraising (American Museum of Natural History 12, hereafter AMNH).... (AMNH 15).Multivolume work（多卷头著作）引用多卷头著作中的某一分卷，写出作者的名称和缩写vol.This valuable reference work surveys the major operas of Mozart and Puccini (Newman, vol. 2).引用多卷头著作某卷中的部分内容，用阿拉伯数字来表明其卷号，后加冒号，引出页码)。
Newman discusses the controversy about the quality of Mozart’s The Magic Flute (2: 104-05).如果句子中没有出现作者姓名，则需在括号中写明，如：(Newman 2: 104-05)Two or more works by same author（同位作者的不同专著）引用同位作者的不同专著，出处信息使用简称即可。
Shaughnessy points out that “the beginning writer does not know how writers behave” (Errors 79 ).Teachers applauded Shaughnessy’s assertion that “teaching them [beginning writers] to write well is not only suitable but challenging work for those who would be teachers and scholars in a democracy” (“Diving In” 68).Material cited in another source（材料引自二手来源）当你引用的是二手材料时，须在其出处名称后注明“qtd”。
你实际引用材料的作者和标题要保留在参考文献书目中。
Goethe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects”(qtd. in Newman 2: 104).Multiple citations（多部著作的引用）当出处包含多部著作时，著作之间用分号隔开。
(Errors 79; “Diving In” 68; Brooks and Warren 5)Literary works（文学作品的引用）文学作品，尤其是二十世纪之前的文学作品，通常都有众多的版本。
在页码之后用分号引出其章节数，以便读者能从另一版本去查找。
Margery Kempe relates the details of her journey to Constance with pilgrims headed for Jerusalem (96-98; bk.1, chap. 26).对于戏剧和诗歌来说，最好用数字来注明“幕”、“场”、“行”或“节”等相关信息。
In an aside, Claudius informs the audience that the queen has drunk from the poisoned cup he intended for Ham1et(5. 2. 274).8.2 Placement and Punctuation of Parenthetical Documentation （项目排列和标点）出处信息应该在语句的结尾。
如果是直接引语，出处信息要在引号之后；最后是句号，逗号，冒号，和分号。
Tannen argues that “men and women have different assumptions about the place of talk in relationships”(85).“Men and women have different assumptions about the place of talk in relationships,” according to Tannen (85).What changes in behavior could result from the assumption that, as Tannen puts it, “men and women have different assumptions about the place of talk in relationships”(85)?如果在你的论述与引语之间会引起混乱，须在引语之后直接注明其出处。
Understanding that “men and wo men have different assumptions about the place of talk in relationships”(Tannen 85) might help teachers understand their students’ comments.（这个句子本身已体现了作者的结论，其中一部分援引自Tannen。
）如引语末位是省略号，出处信息之后须有句号。
Schele and Freidel explain that for the Mayas “the Unde rworld was sometimes called Xibalba...” (66).对于独立段落的引语，出处信息用空格键与引语隔开，后面无须句号。
According to Schele and Freidel, the Maya represented each point of the compass with a different color.East was red and the most important direction sinceit was where the sun was born. North, sometimes calledthe “side of heaven,” was white and the direction fromwhich the cooling rains of winter came.... West, theleaving or dying place of the sun, was black. Southwas yellow. (66)8.3 The List of Works Cited （参考文献目录）论文中出现的引文出处，都应被收入到论文的参考文献中。
参考文献目录按每一项文献的第一单词的第一个字母的顺序排列，无论这个单词是文献作者的姓，还是文献题目的第一个词。