省略句1.省略句的定义省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。
省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象。
2.词的省略(1)省略介词He spent four hours (in) going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课。
I’ve studied Eng1ish (for) five years.我已学五年英语了。
(2)省略连词thatI believe (that) you will succeed.我相信你们会成功的。
It’s a pity (that) he’s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾。
I’m sure (that) she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的。
(3)省略关系代词I’ll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你。
He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了。
3.句子成分的省略(1)省略主语Beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。
(Beg前省略了主语I)Take care! 当心!(Take前省略了主语you)Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨。
(Looks前省略了主语it)(2)省略谓语Who next? 该谁了?(Who后面省略了谓语comes)The river was deep and the ice thin. (ice后面省略了was)We’ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为。
(can后面省略了动词do)(3)省略表语Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗?我准备好了。
(am后面省略了ready)He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者。
(had been后面省略了a lover of sports)(4)省略宾语Let’s do the dishes. I’ll wash and you’ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干。
(wash和dry 后面省略了宾语dishes)(5)省略定语He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来。
(the rest后面省略了定语of the money)(6)省略状语He was not hurt. Strange! 他没有受伤,真奇怪!(Strange前面省略了状语how)4. 从句的省略✓名词性从句1)名词性wh-从句中的省略现象。
如果从句谓语与主句谓语相同,从句可省略全部谓语,甚至主语也可省略,只保留一个wh-词。
She will go to Beijing, but I do n’t know when (she will go to Beijing).她要去北京,但我不知道是什么时候。
She can’t come, but I don’t know why (she can’t come).她不能来,但我不知为什么。
wh-从句若是被动结构,主谓语也可全部省略,只保留by+wh词。
The cup was broken by someone, but I wonder (the cup was broken) by whom.这个杯子被某人打碎了,但我纳闷是被谁打碎的。
如果从句相同而wh-词不同,则可省略第一个从句而把两个wh-词连接起来。
I don’t know when (to meet him) and where to meet him.我不清楚什么时间、什么地点见他。
2)在与表示命令、愿意、建议等相关的名词性从句中,常用should型虚拟,而从句谓语部分中的should常省略。
We require that he (should) tell us the truth.我们要求他告诉我们真相。
3)在句型“It is necessary/surprising/suggested/natural /strange…+ that从句”中,从句通常用should型虚拟,而should常常可以省略。
Everyone thinks it is necessary that our research group(should)begin the experiment at once.每个人都认为我们的研究小组立刻开始实验是必要的。
4)在宾语从句中,连词that常可省略。
但如果有两个宾语从句,第二个宾语从句的that不能省;如果宾语从句和主句谓语之间有插入语时,that也不能省略。
I believe (that) you will succeed.我认为你会成功。
5)名词性从句的省略结构,即“wh- + to do sth.”。
通常这样的省略结构适应于从句的主语与主句的主语一致的情况。
I don’t know what to do next.我不知道下一步做什么。
How to deal with the matter has not been decided.如何处理这件事还没有定下来。
✓形容词性从句(定语从句)中的省略1)当关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时,常被省略。
Do you remember the place (which /that) we visited last year?你记得我们去年参观的那个地方吗?2)当先行词为way, direction等词时,其后面定语从句中的that, which, 或介词+which等常被省略。
Do you know the way (in which) work is measured?你知道衡量工作的方式吗?3)某些定语从句的省略结构,即“介词+ which/whom +不定式”Can you find me a room in which to live?你能给我找个住的房间吗?He is a good person to whom to turn.他是一个能向他求助的好人。
✓副词性从句(状语从句)的省略状语从句的省略原则主要是:如果从句中的主语和主句中的主语一致,就可以经过一定的变动把状语从句中的主语和谓语的一部分或全部省略,从而使语言更加简洁、明了。
1)时间状语从句中的省略注:as在引导时间状语从句时,没有这种省略现象。
我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.When (she was) very young, she began to learn to play the piano.While (I was) at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student. 我在上大学时就开始认识他,一个奇怪但有能力的学生。
When arriving, send me a telegram. (When you arrive, send me a telegram.)到达之后,来个电报。
Before leaving, turn off all the lights. (Before you leave, turn off all the lights.)走之前,请关闭所有的灯。
Don’t come in until (you are) asked to. 不叫你请你不要进来。
Whenever (it is )possible, you should come and help. 不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。
You should let us know the result as soon as(it is) possible. 你应尽快让我们知道结果。
2)地点状语从句中的省略地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构:where(ver) possible, where(ver) necessary,Lay these books where possible you can find them easily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。
Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages.在下列文中需要的地方填入冠词。
3)条件状语从句中的省略常用的句型是:if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。
如:Send the goods now if (they are) ready. 货物如果准备好了,请送过来。
He will come if (he is) asked. 如果叫他来,他就来。
If (it is) necessary, ring me at home. 如果有可能,朝我家里打电话。
Come along with me if (it is) possible. 如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
If (it is) true, this will casue us a lot of trouble. 如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
There are few people nowadays, if (there are) any, who remember him. 很少有人能记起他。
You should stay where you are, unless (you are) asked to leave. 你应呆在你现在的地方不动,除非叫你动。
4)让步状语从句中的省略He is a good man, though sometimes (he is) rather dull. 他真是个好人,尽管有时有点无聊。
Even if (I am ) invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture. 即使邀我去,我都不想听如此坏的报告。
5)比较状语从句中的省略She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you (do). 她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。
She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected. 她这项工作比预料的提前完成。
6)方式状语从句中的省略as if/as though后还可加n./a./ad./介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式。