yellow-bellied
yellow streak
Words have more than one meaning
11
Many words are culture-bound and have no direct equivalents
炕
护甲
步 摇
冰糖葫芦
12
Colors can be a challenge
Word order and syntactic function can alter meaning.
Translate the following items:
plan a table book a place lift a thumb
table a plan place a book thumb a lift
翻译学的学科框架
the transaltion turn in cultural studies
• The influence of cultural elements on translation • Translation is not the simple transform between two languages, it goes in special cultural environment • Q: what's the relatedness between intercutural communication study and transaltion study?
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Experiential equivalence
motel parliament Thanksgiving
炕
太极
文化大革命
Cultural equivalence
LIKE HUMBOLDT SAID: “The differences in languages are not differences in sounds and signs but differences in culturalviews.”
鄙人、敝人、不肖、不才、 老子、某、依、仆、乃公、 人家、我等、 我辈、 我依、吾、吾们、吾济、 吾辈、吾曹、小生、小人、 小的、予、在下、洒家、 咱、朕、寡人、 孤、奴才、臣、 臣妾、妾身、俺、老娘、
22
We have established that each language is a way of seeing and reflecting the delicate nuances细微差别 of cultural perceptions认知, and it is the translator who not only reconstructs重现 the equivalencies of words across linguistic boundaries but also reflects and transplants the emotional vibrations共鸣 of another culture.
1.4 Workshop
Translation and Studies in Communication and Culture
Translation:A communitive device
• translation is a necessity on economic and on general human grounds. • some researchers potulate an autonomous status for translation,while others claim that the domain of translation is an important sub-branch of applied linguistics.
Avoid saying „she is white / black‟ use „fair‟ or „dark‟ when referring to one‟s complexion.
TRANSLATE AND COMPA Heavy traffic Heavy heart Heavy responsibility Heavy food
• • • • • They painted the town red during Halloween. We rolled out the red carpet for him. The thief was caught red-handed. Watch out or you may get into the red. This is a red-light district.
The Nature of Translation
• What is Translation?
• Translation means “to give the meaning of something said or written in another language (Oxford Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation)
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情妇、情夫 勤杂工 爱管闲事的人 化妆室 相亲 淡水 骗子 西红柿
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A culture may not have the background and understanding to translate experiences specific to other cultures
英语
中文
我、
I
the
problems of translation and equivalence
• 1. What is equivalence?
Equivalence refers to the description of one thing in different languages. In fact translation is about equivalence. (不同语言用来表达同一事物的词叫对等词.)
2. How many kinds of equivalence do you know? What are they?
There are the following kinds of equivalence:
Translation Problems Include:
Vocabulary Equivalence
Idiomatic Lack
Equivalence
Of
Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence Experiential Equivalence
词汇不对等 习语不对等 语法句式不对等 经验不对等 观念不对等
Conceptual
Equivalence
VOCABULARY EQUIVALENCE:
• 翻译就是把已说出的或 写出的话的意思用另一 种语言表达出来的活动。
• 《中国大百科全书· 语言文字》
• the name and nature of translation studies
《翻译学的名与实》是霍姆斯最重要的翻译理论文章。 在1972年哥本哈根召开的第三届国际应用语言学会 议上首次发表。 这篇文章对翻译学的学科命名、性质、研究范围以 及学科内的划分提出了详细的构想，是翻译研究领域 具有里程碑意义的作品，是翻译学学科建设的奠基之 作，被西方译学界认为是“翻译学学科的创建宣言”。
Many words are culture-bound and have no direct equivalents
炕
护甲
步 摇
冰糖葫芦
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Cultural orientations can render a direct translation non-sensical
lover busboy buzyboy dressing room blind date sweet water confidence man an apple of love
Experiential-Cultural Equivalence
Translators must grapple not only with structural differences between languages but also with cultural differences,which requires precision and the ability to convey the speaker's or author's approach or attitude.The meanings that cultures have for words are based on shared experiences, and the ability of a word to convey or elicit meaning depends on the culturally informed perceptions of both source and receiver.
• • • • •
Prices fell John fell Sue fell in love Government fell He fell from grace
Grammatical-syntactical equivalence
the grammar of a language may reveal the way time and space are segmented and organized.