0401W: Hey Steve, got any plans for tonight?M: Hi, Jane. No, I don't think so. Why? Got any suggestions?W: In fact, I do. I just got two tickets to the opening of the exhibit of the reprints by Julia Margaret Cameron. I would have tomention it earlier, but I was on the waiting list for these tickets and I wasn't sure I'd even get them.M: An exhibit, huh? I like such things. But I don't know who Julia……W: Margaret Cameron! She was a photographer in the 1800s. She is interesting to art-historians in general and students ofphotography in particular because she ... how should I say, change the aesthetics for photography.M: What do you mean?W: Well, her specialty was portraits and instead of just making a factual record of details like most photographers did, you know, justcapturing what a person look like in a dispassionate thought of way. She, like a portrait painter, was interested in capturing hersubject's personality. M: Interesting! How did she do that?W: She invented a number of techniques that affect the picture. Like one of these things she did was blur images slightly by using asoft focus on the subject. That's pretty common now.M: Yeah, seen that. Who did she photograph?W: Famous people of her day, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Darwin, I don't know who else. We'll seeat the exhibition.M: You really pick my curiosity. I am going to enjoy this.31. What is the conversation mainly about? (A) A famous photographer32. What did Julia Margaret Cameron emphasize in her portraits? (C) Her subject's personality33. According to the conversation, what unique photographic technique did Margaret Cameron use? (D) Soft focus34. What will be the subject of the pictures at the exhibit? (C) Well-known peopleM: Do you want to the movies with on Saturday?W: Thanks, but I have to study my research project. I'm taking that same anthropology course you took with Prof. Grady.M: The one on ethnographic interviewing? Oh, good! I'm sure you'll get a lot out of it.W: I have to admit the word "ethnography"(人种学) scared me a little at first. It seems so technical. But then when she explained that it's what anthropologists do, you know, how they investigate and record aspects of a culture, I didn't seem so intimidating!M: Yeah, it's all part of the fields work anthropologists conduct and it's good to start doing that now before you become a graduatestudent and have to conduct large projects yourself. Who are you going to interview?W: You know the publishing office where I used to work? Vivian, the woman I worked for, she's been a manager there for over 30years and had seen a lot of changes in the industry. I thought I'd start out by interviewing her about how the people in the officeinteract with each other and with outside clients.M: Isn't it funny how we use the thing that anthropologists study to foreign cultures and had the travel halfway across the world to doit? The best part of that course is that it shows you that ethnographic research can also be done on a familiar ground.W: Yeah. I got the idea from my project from reading Robert Marshal's study of office life and Irealized I already had somebackground in that. So far, I'm really enjoying this course.35. What is the conversation mainly about? (B) An anthropology course the woman is taking36. What does the woman say about the subject of ethnography? (A) It is not as difficult as she had thought it would be.37. Why does the man think that the course will be a good one for the woman? (D) It will prepare her for future work in anthropology.38. Who is the first person the woman will interview? (C) Her former bossM: I'm going to pass this piece of amber around so you can see this spider trapped inside it. It's a good example of amber-inclusion,one of the inclusions that scientists are interested in these days. This particular piece is estimated to be about 20 million years old.Please be extremely careful not to drop it. Amber shatters as easily as glass. One thing I really like about amber is its beautiful goldencolor. Now, how does the spider get in there? Amber is really fossilized tree resin. Lots of chunks of amber contain insects like thisone or animal parts like feathers or even plants. Here is how it happens. The resin oozes out of the tree and the spider or leaf gets incased in it. Over millions and millions of years, the resin hardens and fossilizes into the semiprecious(次珍贵的、准宝石的) stone you see here. Ambers can be found in many different places around the world. But the oldest deposits are right here in the United States, inAppalachia(阿巴拉契亚). It's found in several other countries, too, though right now scientists are most interested in ambers coming from the Dominican Republic（多美尼加共和国）. Because it has a great many inclusions, something like one insect inclusion for every one hundred pieces. One possible explanation for this it that the climate is tropical and a greater variety of number of insectsthrive in tropics than in other places. What's really interesting is the scientists are now able to recover DNA from these fossils andstudy the genetic material for important clues to revolution.39. Why does the professor pass the amber around to the students? (B) So they can examine its contents40. When the professor mentor glass in the talk, what point is he trying to make about amber? (D) How easily amber can break41. What is amber derived from? (C) Tree resin42. Why is the Dominican Republic an important source of amber? (A) Its amber contains numerous fossils.43. What type of amber is probably the most valuable for genetic research? (C) Amber containing organic materialNow we've been talking about the revolutionary period in the United States history when the colonies wanted to separate fromEngland. I'd like to mention one point about the very famous episode from that period, a point I think is pretty relevant even today. I'msure you remember, from when you are children, the story of Paul Revere's famous horseback ride to the Massachusetts countryside.In that version, he single-headily alerted the people that "the British were coming". We have this image of us solitary rider galloping（飞驰的）along of the dark from one farm house to another. And of course the story emphasized the courage of one man, made him a hero in our history books, right? But, that rather romantic version of the story is not what actually happened that night. In fact, thatversion misses the most important point entirely. Paul Revere was only one of the many riders helping deliver the messages that night.Just one part of a pre-arrange plan, that was thought out well in advance in preparation for just such an emergency.I don't mean todiminish Revere's role though. He was actually an important organizer andpromoter of this group effort for freedom. His mid-nightrider didn't just go knocking on farm house doors. They also awaken the institutions of New England. They went from town to townand engage the town leaders, the military commanders and volunteer groups, even church leaders, people who would then continue tospread the word. My point is that Paul Revere and his political party understood, probably more clearly than later generations everhave, that political institutions are theirs a kind of medium for the will of people and also to both build on and support the individualaction. They knew the success requires careful planning and organization. The way they went about the work that night made a bigdifference in the history and this country.44. What does the story of Paul Revere usually emphasize? (C) The courage of one man45. What new information does the speaker provide about Paul Revere? (D) He was not the only messenger.46. What does the speaker imply is most significant about the ride of Paul Revere? . (A) It was well planned.Let me warn you against a mistake that historians of science often make. They sometimes assume that people in the past use thesame concepts we do. Here is a wonderful example that makes the use of history of mathematics some while ago. It concerns anancient Mesopotamian(美索不达米亚人) tablet that has some calculations on it using square numbers. The calculations look an awful one like the calculations of the link of the sides of triangle. So that's what many historians assume they were. But using squarenumbers to do this is a very sophisticated technique. If the Mesopotamians knew how to do it, as historians started thinking that theydid. Well, they learn math with incredibly advanced. Well, it turns out the idea of Mesopotamians use square numbers to calculatethe link of triangle's sides is probably wrong. Why? Because we discovered that Mesopotamians didn't know how to measure angles,which is a crucial element in the whole process of triangle calculations. Apparently the Mesopotamians had a number of other usesfor square numbers. These other uses were important but they were not used with triangles. And so these tablets in all likelihoodwere practice sheets, if you like, for doing simpler math exercises with square numbers. In all likelihood, it was the ancient Greekswho first calculate the link of triangle's sides using square numbers. And this was hundreds of years after the Mesopotamians.47. What is the main purpose of the talk? (C) To discuss a mistaken historical interpretation48. According to the professor, what did some historians mistakenly assumed about the Mesopotamians? (D) They calculated thelength of triangle sides.49. What was on the Mesopotamian tablet mentioned in the talk? (B) Calculations using square numbers50. What does the professor imply about the ancient Greeks? (D) They knew how to measure angles.0405A: What’s up Marcy? U seemed to be in a good moon today.B: I guess I am. It’s the new printer I just bought for my computer.A: Hey, that’s terrific.B: Thanks.A: It’s good I can charge it to my credit card though. if I’d had to come up with that much cash onthe sp ot, I just wouldn’t be able to afford it.B: U know, I’m doing a term paper on that for my economic seminar. I read that a lot people in the world would be able to supportthemselves and their families much better if they could start their own businesses. But usually the bank won’t lend them money they need to start it. Often, if u don’t have property or other assets, they won’t give u even the smallest loan.A: That doesn’t seem fair.B: Exactly. But now there’re something known as micro-credit. That’s what we call very small loans that enable people to go intobusiness for themselves. In Southern Asia micro-credit programs were set up to lend people that regular banks even wouldn’t look at.A: And the borrowers used the money？B: To buy tools and materials for producing cloth or food or whatever that they can sell to make a little money to feed their familiesand also start to pay back the loan, and then they can borrow a little more and make a little more profit. A nd…A: And the lenders get their money back?B: With interest. It’s been so successful that now micro-credit lending is spreading to other parts of the world too, even to NorthAmerica. That’s what my paper will be about.A: Say, do u need someone to type it for u? My rates are reasonable, and it’ll look really nice when I print it out.B: On your new printer? Hey, how could I say no.31. Why is the woman happy? B. She has a new printer for her computer.32. What is the conversation mainly about? B. A way to help people improve their economic conditions.33. Why does the man mention Southern Asia? D. Microcredit programs have been very successful there.34. What will the woman probably do? D. Type the man's term paper.A: I think I’ve finally decided what to write my paper about. It’s a new museum right near the Capitol building in Washington D.C.B: Really? I picked a museum too, a science museum up in Alberta, Canada. They look sort of like spaceship.A: Say I read about that. It was built about 20 years ago, I think by the same architect who designed the building I’m interested in.Douglas Cardinal.B: That’s him! But I can’t image Cardinal designing anything in the traditional classical style of the Capitol.A: Well this new structure has to fit in with the architecture of the Capitol, but its style is anything but traditional. I don’t mean that it’sone of those big glass boxes they call modern architecture though. Instead of rectangles and straight lines, this build has roundedfree form shapes and sweeping curves. It supposes to represent the natural forms like the Canyon cliffs in the western states, rockformations that were shaped by water and the wind.B: Sounds fantastic. But I wonder why that sort of style would be chosen for a building inWashington D.C.A: That’s easy. This place is called the National Museum of American Indian. And it’s devoted to exhibits of Native American cultures,including those of the west. And for Cardinal this is his own family heritage too. And in designing this museum he was careful torespect the various Native American values and traditions, like paying attentions to the directions of winds and the positionof thesun in different seasons of the year.B: Wow, an untraditional building, designed to show case some of north Americ an’s oldest traditions. Interesting!35.what is the discussing mainly about? B. The architectural design of a new museum.36.what do the two museums mentioned in the conversations have in common? A. Both were designed by the same architect.37.what did the architect designed the new building to look like? D. A natural landscape.38.what kinds of traditions are represented in Cardinal’s new building? B. Traditional values of Native Americans.Today let’s consider the neutrino(中微子) and the resolves of some experiments down in the 1995 at the Los Alamos national aboratory in New Mexico, which bear on the neutrino. These resolves suggest that this little particle does indeed have mass that tinybet to be sure but measurable by the very sensitive instruments of th at lab. The neutrino’s origin has a lways been an interesting case,though a case not unusual in the history of physics. As you know, ordinarily scientific observation precedes scientific theory. Oceantides were observed, ocean tides were explained; gravity is observed, gravity is explained. However, let’s consider what happened in the neutrino’s case. When the neutrino was proposed over sixty years ago, it was a convenient fiction. Scientists had not observed sucha particle nor even as a fact. So what let them to conceive of this imaginary object? They had been writing equations about neutrondecay in which the energy amounts on each side of their equations were unequal. In order to keep this energy amounts the same onboth sides of the equations, they added little particle named neutrino and gave it precisely enough energy to balance the equations andthe loan be hold years later. About thirty-five years ago real neutrinos were found. Now we have the more recent developments.Originally, the neutrino was thought not to have any mass at all. But Los Alamos experiments seem to disprove this premise. Theyindicated that neutrinos do have mass—about one-millionth the mass of electron.39.why did the speaker mentions the ocean tides and gravity?They are examples of the usual sequence of observation and explanation.40.how did the concept of neutrino originate? D. Scientists were unable to balance equations of energy without it.41.what did the experimental results at Los Alamos show about the neutrino? D. That it has a tiny amount of mass.The forests of New England constituted both are resource and barrier for the first British settlers who reach these shores. In addition tothe maples, firs, oaks and birches(白桦) were white pines whose scientific name is Pinusstrobus. These white pines were straight and tall, perfect for use as masts on the sailing ships of the time. Britain had used up its supply of mast trees, so is eager for this product ofits young colony. By the first load of masts reached Britain in 1634 and Britain was marveled the size of the trees, which haddiameters of up to 4 feet at the wide end. For every yard of mast height, the body end needed to be one inch in diameter. In1705,Britain passed a lawstating that all white pines over 24 inches at the body end we re reserved for the use of king’s navy. Such trees were marked by blazing the king’s arrow symbol on the tree with three cuts of the hatchet. These trees were selected by the surveyorgeneral, whose work often met with resistances of colonists.42.what is the main topic of this talk? B. The role of New England trees in British shipbuilding.43.in what course is this speaker probably lecturing? C. History.44.what type of trees were used to making masts? D. Birch.45.which characteristic of the tree was used to classify as reserved for the king? A. Its width.46.which mark was used to reserve a tree for the king’s navy? D. ->Now the Australia jumping spider as you can image got its name for its ability to leap. But it can sw im too. What’s most interesting though is its ability to use try and error tactics when solving problems. Now the jumping spider attacks an d eats other spiders. It’ll sit at the edge of another spider's web and attract the spider by tapping out different signals to mimic the struggles of a trapped insect and it’ll keep changing the signals till successfully lured its prey out. Well, to see if the jumping spider could apply the same problemsolving technique, try and error to unfamiliar situations, scientists conducted an experiment. They field a trap full of water and thenput some sand in the middle, like an island. In between the island and the edge of the trap, they put a rock. When they put the spideron the island, some tried jumping to the rock, and some tried swimming. All the spiders that successfully reached the rock either byjumping or by swimming use the same method to make it from the rock to the edge of the tree. If the spider failed to reach the rock, itwas placed back on the island, but the next time they try to leave, spiders did oppo site of whatever didn’t work th e first time, leaping ifit had swum, or swimming if it had leaped. So we see the spiders using the same try and error in crossing the water as they used inhunting.47.what this talk on Australia jumping spiders mainly about? D. How they solve problems.48. How do the Australia spiders attract the other kinds of spiders? B. By imitating signals that the other spiders send.49.in the experiment, what did the spiders have to do to reach the rock? B. Cross some water.50.what would happen if the spider tied to get to the rock but fail to reach the rock? B. It would try to reach the rock a different way.0408W：So you are up to some tennis this afternoon or what?M: Well, to tell you the truth, I’m not feeling so hot today.W: Come on. How long has it been since we played.M: A couple of days.W: A couple of days? Come on. It’s been more than a couple of days.M: Yeah. I guess you’re right. It’s been almost a week.W: It’s been exactly a week. And we used to play at least thre e times this week.M: I know. Playing right after classed was something to look forward to.W: Yeah. And it was right before dinner. So we build up our appetite.M: I’ve just been very busy. I guess. And my stomach is bothering today.W: But you look ok to me.M: Well, I was up late with Steve in the library working on a project we got to do by tomorrow for that anthropology class. We'vebeen working on it all weekend. And I was drinking a lot of coffee. I guess I just drank too much. W: Listen. I took that class last semester. And I could meet you in the library later tonight and help with if you want. And then youhave time to play tennis this afternoon.M: Yeah. I guess my stomach doesn’t hurt that bad. And I could certainly use your help. But it’s also….W: Is there something else bothering you?M: Well, to be honest, I am getting tired of always losing.（总算说实话了^_^）31 What are the students mainly discussing? (B) Why the man does not want to play tennis32 When was the last time the speaker play tennis? (D) One week ago33 What does the man think is the reason for his stomach? (A) He drank too much coffee last night.34 What does the woman offer to do for the man? (B) Help him finish his anthropology project M: How about a walk, Nancy?W: Sure. Let’s go now before it gets dark.M: What’s your hurry?W: Haven’t you noticed? The street lights on campus are different. They gave off a hazy(朦胧的) yellow glow that make some colorsfade out. It is not as much fun taking an evening walk as it was before.M: Oh, you mean the new sodium bulbs. Yeah, that was in the newspaper. They make things look different alright. But they providebetter visibility than regular lighting. They are tuned to the colors in which human vision is the sharpest and that section isamplified. The problem is that a lot of the colors are blocked out.W: Well, I don’t feel comfortable when green looks like brown. Sodium bulbs might make sense for highways, though, if they reallydo improve visibility so much.M: Yeah. And the interesting thing is that the new halogen headlights(双卤素前灯) on cars cancel out the adverse aspects of sodiumlighting and the colors appear natural again.W: Well, then sodium bulbs should be used only where there are a lot of cars. Why are they in places where I want to take a quietwalk? The city must be trying to save money.M: It is. Sodium bulbs last about 7 times longer than regular bulbs. It can be that, I guess.35 What’ the main subject of this conversation? (A) Safety in poorly lighted areas36.Why does the woman want to take a walk right away? (C) She no longer enjoys walking at night.37 Why do colors appear natural at night on a highway lighted by sodium bulbs? The headlights on cars counter the fade-out effect.38 What’s one reason that sodium bulbs are being installed? (A) They last much longer than regular bulbs.I’d like to share with you today my experience with the new approach to building a house. It’s called Envelop Building. Essentially,what it means is that as you are building a house, you try to leave the landscape feature on the land, especially the vegetation in theoriginal condition. So what you are not doing is the usual practice of land-scraping. By which I mean literally scraping or clearing landof any and all the original plants. Why is the approach called Envelop Building? Because instead of clearing everything away, you letyour original landscape elements envelop or surround your house. Let the vegetation physical features such as hills and slopes orinteresting rock formations, constituted a significant part of the character of the building sight. The design of the house should takethese features of the property into account. Actually integrating your original wild landscape with a house is not that new. The famousAmerican architect Wright was doing it about 65 years ago. So we are in good company. Envelop Building is not as easy as it sounds though. It’s not just that you build your house and leave the land alone. By building, you are already damaging the original landscape.But as architects, we should try to work with environment, not against it. A creative architect can find ways to incorporate naturallandscape into the overall design. For example, why used the massive boulders on the side of one of the most famous houses has partof the house foundation?39According to the professor, what does the term “landscaping” refer to?(A) Eliminating the original vegetation from the building site40In Envelop Building,what is done with the landscape features of a building sight?They are integrated into the design of the building.41 Why does the professor mention the architect Frank Loid Wright? (C) Because Wright used elements of envelope buildingToday we are going to talk about copyrighting works of art. A copyright is a proof of authorship （作者身份）. It protects artists against someone else using their work without their permission. It’s important to remember that United States Copyright Law protects artisticexpressions such as paintings, but does not protect any ideas, concept, procedure or technique. In all the United States Copyright Law,Artists needed to take several steps to obtain copyright protection. The law as changed in 1978 and again 1989. For artists the currentlaw means everything they create is automatically and immediately copyrighted. They don’t have to f ile any documents and under theprotection of the Copyright Law, any recreations of their original work such as prints are also covered by the artists copyright. Furthermore, any changes artists made to their original works are covered. The Law also makes it clear that when someone buys the work ofart, they are not allowed to destroy or change that work of art. Artists keep the copyright even after selling the work of art. Thepurchaser may buy the physical work, but the right to make prints or copies is still the artists’ and buy ers does not automatically haveany right to make and sell prints or copies of work. Although works are automatically copyrighted, artists are encouraged to registertheir work with United States Copyright Office. Registering art provides additional legal protection and also gives the people aroundthe world the ability to approach the honors about licensing and purchasing right.42 What is the talk mainly about? (D) Protecting artists from illegal use of their work43 When does the Artist Copyright start? (D) The moment the work of art is finished44 What does the United States Copyright Law state about a work of art that is sold? The artist continues to hold the copyright for it.45 What does the professor say about the United States Copyright Law? (B) It does not protect artists' techniques and procedures.46 What is an advantage of registering art with the United States Copyright Office. (B) An artist has greater legal protection.Today let’s talk about synesthesia(副感觉), that’s a brain condition in which a person’s senses are combined in a unusual ways. For example, a person with synesthesia may taste sounds. To them, a musical note may taste like a pekoe(香红茶). Many people who have synesthesia experience intense colors when they hear specific words. For example, they might see a flash of pink every time they hear the word “jump”. For a long time, many scientists were unconvinced that synesthesia really exists. So in the 1990s an experiment wasdone to find our for sure. Two groups were studied. One was a group of people who claim to experience colors when they heardcertain words. The other was a controlled group, people who experience nothing out of the ordinary when hearing words. Each groupwas asked to describe the colors they thought of when they heard a list of spoken words. When the test was repeated, the differencebetween the two groups was startling. After just a week, the controlled group gave the same answers only a third of the time. But evena year of a half later, the synesthetic group gave the same answers 92% of the time. Clearly, this is not just a matter of memory.Scientists are still not sure just why synesthesia happens. But certain drugs are reportedly able to produce it artificially. So we allprobably have brains with connections that could synesthesia. It’s just the connections normally are used in that way.47 What’ the main purpose of the talk? (C) To discuss an unusual condition of the brain48 What’s the one example of synesthesia that the professor mentions? (D) Tasting sounds49 What was the purpose of the experiment the professor mentioned (C) To determine whether or not synesthesia exists50 What were some of people in the study able to do? (A) Consistently associate words with certain colors0410M: I don’t know, Susan, I don’t feel like I am reaching my freshman class this semester.W: Why do you say that?M: It’s just they seem to glaze over(眼神呆滞) with noncomprehension, even when I’m talking about the basics, they are not specially motivated either. I know the class is a first year science requirement for most of them. But I’ve got to do something.W: Jean, you know Jean White, she teaches physics, she just told me about how she livens up(活跃)her classes.M: What did she do?W: Well, basically, she takes something they are interested in, like music, and tries to relate principal of science to that. Otherwise, theconcepts seem to go right over their heads.。