一、Formal / Informal第10页1 .Semblance / similarity2. Cogency / powerfulness3. Attain / achieve4. Interchange / exchange5. Elicited / produced6. Merit / (good) qualities第30页1. Encompass / include encompasses2. Espousing / supporting espouse/support3. Assert / claim4. Proceed /continueWhereby / by which means5. Allegiance / loyaltyThereby / by that means第90页1. Recourse / turning2. Deem / regard3. Cohesion / unity4. Comprehend / understand5. Suffice/ enough6. Retain / keep第110页1. Tutelage / instruction2. Emolument / pay3. Transpired / happened4. In repose / at rest5. Meticulous / careful第156页1. Disparate /different2. Encompasses / include3. Prevalent / common4. Scrutiny / examination5. Dispute / question6. Therefor / and so7. Illuminate / explain8. Address / deal with二、Specialized vocabulary第28页1. literary theory / 文学理论2. literary criticism / 文学批评3. school of criticism / 批评流派4. figure of speech / 修辞5. word choice / 选词6. 马克思主义批评家/ Marxist critic7. 新历史主义/ New Historicism8. 文化诗学/ Cultural Poetics9. 后殖民主义/ postcolonialism10. 美国非洲研究/ African American studies11. 性别研究/ gender studies第89页1. 政党统治/ political party dominance2. 军事史/ military history3. 社会背景/ societal setting4. 社会单位/ social unit5. genealogy / 宗谱6. national identity / 民族意识7. citizenship / 公民身份8. public behavior / 公共行为第154页1. ethics / 道德2. aesthetics / 美学3. feminist / 女权主义者4. conceptual analysis / 概念分析5. paradox / 悖论6. metaphysics / 形而上学7. 世界观/ world view8. 认识论/ epistemology9. 存在主义者/ existentialist10. 现象论者/ phenomenologist三、段落翻译第五单元1. People live in the present. They plan for and worry about the future. History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the demands that press in form living in the present and anticipating what is yet to come, why bother with what has been? Given all the desirable and available branches of knowledge, why insist—as most American educational programs do—on a good bit of history? And why urge many students to study even more history than they are required to?人们活在当下，他们计划并担忧着未来。
然而历史却是对过去的研究。
考虑到当今的人们越来越多的需求和参与到未知的未来，我们为什么还要费尽心机地去研究过去呢？考虑到现在有那么多受欢迎的、可供选择的学科分支，为什么要像大多数美国教育计划要求的那样，坚持学习大量的历史呢？为什么要极力敦促学生去学习比教学大纲要求的更多的历史呢？2. Historians do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals. In a society that quite correctly expects education to severe useful purposes, the functions of history can seem more difficult to define than those of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually indispensable, but the products of historical study are less tangible, sometimes less immediate, than those that stem from some other disciplines.历史学家不会做心脏移植，也不会改善告诉公路设计，更不会逮捕罪犯。
在一个力求教育能够满足有效目的的社会，历史的作用比起工程设计和医药等学科的作用来说，更难界定。
但事实上历史是非常有用的，甚至是不可或缺的。
比起那些其他学科分支所产生的研究成果，历史研究的成果是无形的，在某些时候是后知后觉的。
7. These two fundamental reasons for studying history underlie more specific and quite diverse uses of history in our own lives. History well told is beautiful. Many of the historians who most appeal to the general reading public know the importance of dramatic and skillful writing—as well as of accuracy. Biography and military history appeal in part because of the tales they contain. History as art and entertainment serves a real purpose, on aesthetic grounds but also on the level of human understanding. Stories well done are stories that reveal how people and societies have actually functioned, and they prompt thoughts about the human experience in other times and places. The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility. Exploring what historians sometimes call the "pastness of the past"—the ways people in distant ages constructed their lives—involves a sense of beauty and excitement, and ultimately another perspective on human life and society.这（以上）两个根本的学习历史的原因构成了我们生活中更精确、更广泛地运用历史的一个基础。
一个好的历史是美妙的。
为大多数读者深深喜爱的历史学家深谙扣人心弦的写作技巧的重要性——以及精确的重要性。
传记和军事历史为读者所喜爱的部分原因是由于它们自身所蕴含的历史故事。
历史像艺术和娱乐一样，也服务于一个真实的意图，既保持艺术的高度，同时又是普通大众易于理解的层面。
写得好的故事能够揭露人们是如何生活以及社会是如何运作的。
这些故事激励人们去思考在其他时空的关于人类的生活经验。
同样的，美学和人文主义目标激励人们全身心投入到努力重建相当遥远的过去中去。
重建的过去和当下社会并没有什么有用的联系。
探索历史学家称之为“过去的过去”——即人类在远古时代构建生活的方式——蕴含了一种美感和兴奋感，这种探索最后会带来一种解读人类生活和社会的全新视角。
10. Study of history is essential for good citizenship. This is the most common justification for the place of history in school curricula. Sometimes advocates of citizenship history hope merely to promote national identity and loyalty through a history spiced by vivid stories and lessons in individual success and morality. But the importance of history for citizenship goes beyond this narrow goal and can even challenge it at some points.学习历史对于形成良好的公民素质是必要的，这也是历史在学校课程中占有一席之地的普遍理由。