Domestic Industry
the producers as a whole of the like or directly competitive products , or whose collective output of the like or directly competitive products constitutes a major proportion of the total domestic production of those products 在一成员方境内生产同类产品或直接竞争产品的 全体国内生产商，或者其产量之和占该成员方 这种同类或直接竞争产品生产总量主要部分的 生产商
7.5 Domestic Procedures for invoking safeguards
Notify the Committee on Safeguards: 1.Initiating an investigatory process and the reasons for it; 2.Making a finding of serious injury or threat thereof caused by increased imports 3.Taking a decision to apply or extend a safeguard measure.
• Relative increase Eeven no increase in absolute terms however imports had “increased relative to domestic production”
2005
Import 10 thousands Domestic 30 thousands
Factors to be evaluated in the investigation to determine whether increased imports have caused or are threatening to cause serious injury to a domestic industry （主管机构应评估的因素）: The competent authorities shall evaluate all relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable nature having a bearing on the situation of the industry, in particular, the rate and amount of the increase in imports of the product in absolute and relative terms, the share of the domestic market taken by increased imports, changes in the level of sales, production, productivity, capacity utilization, profits and losses, and employment of the domestic industry.
2006
Import 10 thousands Domestic 20 thousands
பைடு நூலகம்
Unforseen Development (不可遇见
的发展） Not defined in GATT 1994 or SA Agreement • In Hatter‘s Fur Case（皮帽案）, Panel: “development...which it would not be reasonable to expect that negotiators...could and should have foreseen” 在1950年捷克诉美国的“皮帽案”对“不可预 见的发展”作出解释：“是指在关税减让谈判 后出现的情况发展，并且要求作出关税减让的 国家的谈判代表在谈判时无法合理预见到这种 情况的发展。
7.2 Background to the Agreement on Safeguards (SG Agreement) 《保障措施协议》产生的背景 Safeguard measures available under GATT 1947,
Article XIX; were infrequently used, and some governments preferred to protect their industries through “grey area” measures (bilateral voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing agreements, and similar measures ).
Serious Injury
a significant overall impairment (总体上 重大损害）in the position of a domestic industry
Threat of Serious Injury ‧clearly imminent ‧based on facts and not merely on allegation, conjecture or remote Possibility
SG Agreement reached in Uruguay Round. Relations between GATT XIX and ASG: Apply together
7.3 Definiton of Safegurad Measures
保障措施的定义 If, as a result of unforeseen developments and of the effect of the obligations incurred by a contracting party under this Agreement, including tariff concessions, any product is being imported into the territory of that contracting party in such increased quantities and under such conditions as to cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producers in that territory of like or directly competitive products, the contracting party shall be free, in respect of such product, and to the extent and for such time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy such injury, to suspend the obligation in whole or in part or to withdraw or modify the concessions. (GATT XIX： Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products )
Chapter 7
Agreement on Safeguards 保障措施协议
7.1 Introduction
引言
保障措施是指，WTO成员方在进口激增并对国内相关产 业造成严重损害或严重损害威胁时，采取的限制进口措 施。 WTO规则允许进口国政府在特定产品进口大量增加造 成国内相关产业损害或损害威胁时所采取的限制进口的 紧急措施 GATT/WTO在促进贸易自由化的同时，也承认贸易自 由化也会使承担义务的成员方面临困难，如，无法适应 新的竞争环境，为保证受影响的产业获得适应竞争的时 间，规定了相应的保障措施
保障措施形式：可以包括对进口货物实施数量限制，提高关 税等形式
7.4 Conditions to Apply Safeguards
Article XIX, para. 1(a) of the GATT and Article 2 of Agreement on Safeguards as a result of unforeseen developments and of the effect of the obligations incurred by a contracting party under this Agreement 不能预见的发展和一缔约方在本协定项下负担义务的影响 in such increased quantities 进口数量激增 to cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producers in that territory of like or directly competitive products 对该领土内同类产品或直接竞争产品的国内生产者造成严重损 害或严重损害威胁
1.Demonstration that the increased imports caused serious injury or threat of serious injury: 2. ―Non-attribution‖: Injury caused by factors other than increased imports must not be attributed to the increased imports.
主管机构应评估影响有关产业状况的客观 和可量化的所有相关因素，特别是有关产 品进口量的绝对或相对增加的比例和数量、 增加的进口产品在国内市场的占有份额以 及国内产业的销售水平、总产量、生产能 力、设备利用率、利润与亏损、就业等方 面的变化。