英国文学复习整理 3名词解释1，Dramatic Monologue 戏剧独白a poem delivered in a dramatic manner by a single persona speakerwho is not identified with the poet usually to achieve an ironical effect.2, Aestheticism 美学主义（唯美主义）Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.The Pygmalion Effect 皮格马利翁效应The Pygmalion Effect is that people tend to behave as you expect they will. If you expect a person to take responsibility, they probably will.If you expect them not to even try, they probably won’t.MordenismAgeneral term applied to the experimental and avant-grade trends in literatureand other arts of the early 20th century.Discontinuity and fragmentationJuxtaposition (并列) and multiple points of view（多重视角）Lack of a unitary selfModernism Literature (1918~45)In the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century, both natural and social sciences in Europe had enormously advanced. The two world wars destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values and gave rise to all kinds of philosophical ideas in Western Europe. Modernism become the mainstream literature during that period. Drama is the most famous form in modernism. And dramatic monologue was famous at that period. Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw pioneered the modern drama. Oscar Wilde is be well known for his master work--The Importance of Being Earnest. George Bernard Shaw's works are examples of the play inspired by social criticism. His master work is Widower’s Houses. Furthermore,David Herbert Lawrence was a great writer during this period, too. His master work, Sons and Lovers, is famous all over the world.Modernist fictioncrisisattempts to represent the underlying truths of consciousness & psyche(心智)rejection of external, unitary, coherent appearance of realistconventionslack of causality(因果性)insufficiency of languageoppositional relations between the individual and the social, alienationfirst person narrator, often unreliableA sense of urban dislocation and alienationworks by male writers tend to be misogynistic（厌恶女人的人）Colonialismone country’s domination of another country or people—usually achieved through aggressive, often military actions，and the territory acquired in this manner.Post-colonial theoryis a multicultural theory which mainly studies relations of cultural discourse power between the colonist and the colonized as well as racism (种族主义), cultural imperialism （文化帝国主义）, national culture and culture power identity after colonial periodRepresentatives后殖民理论的“圣三位一体”Edward Said(萨义德)Gayatri C. Spivak(斯皮瓦克)Homi K. Bhabha(霍米·巴巴)Imagism 意象主义The body of theories of a group of anti-Romantic and anti-Georgian British and American poets (1912-18) who aimed at simplicity and detachment in poetic expression by the clear presentation of visual images.Imagery 意象Words or phrases that create picture, or images, in the reader’s mind.Images are primarily visual.Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.Symbolism 印象主义Epiphany 顿悟An experience of sudden and striking realization.顿悟Epiphany is an appearance or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something, which is adapted by James Joyce to describe the sudden revelation of whatness of a thing, the moment in which the soul of the commonest object seems to us radiant.Stream of Consciousness 意识流It is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind. Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the character’s on going feelings and memories. Developed by writers such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, stream of consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realistic detail.Feminist Criticism 女性主义Feminism refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, social rights and opportunities for women.Bloomsbury Group布鲁姆斯伯里文化圈The Bloomsbury Group—or Bloomsbury Set—was an influential group of associated Englishwriters, intellectuals, philosophers and artists,the best known members of which included Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes,E. M. Forster and Lytton Strachey.This loose collective of friends and relatives lived, worked or studied together near Bloomsbury, London, during the first half of the 20th century. Their works and outlook deeply influenced literature, aesthetics,criticism and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism (反战论), and sexuality.布鲁姆斯伯里团体(the bloomsbury group),是一个英国二十世纪初号称“无限灵感，无限激情，无限才华”知识分子的小团体。