Look at the following paragraph: (pay attention to the words underlined) My hometown and my college town have several things in common. First, both are small rural communities. For example, my hometown, Gridlock, has a population of only about 10,000 people. Similarly, my college town, Subnormal, consists of about 11,000 local residents. This population swells to 15,000 people when the college students are attending classes. A second way in which these two towns are similar is that they are both located in rural areas. Gridlock is surrounded by many acres of farmland which is devoted mainly to growing corn and soybeans. In the same way, Subnormal lies in the center of farmland which is used to raise hogs and cattle . . . . This is a comparison paragraph. It is organized by similar points
Referance
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Eg: The wind whistled through the trees.
Irony: (反语）
It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
contrast（对照） and comparison (对比) Lexical Stylistic Devices (词义修 辞格) What’s their difference?
Look at the following paragraph: (pay attention to the italics【斜体】) Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline. This is a contrast paragraph . It discusses the differences between (at least) two things
委婉语（Euphemism）是人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现 象，是人们谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时，所使用的较为 礼貌的说法。它是一种修辞格，更是一种文化现象。于委婉语 在英语中应用比较广泛， 在社会生活中，委婉语的应用较为普遍。中国人不讳言“老”， 年纪稍大一点的人在一起甚至互相比谁更“老”。而在西方， 没有“老人”（old people），有的只是senior citizen或the longer-lived，有mature golden age进出evergreen clubs。 这是因为中国社会崇尚尊老，认为老人经验丰富，是智慧的象 征。相反，西方社会人一旦变老，就意味着要被逐出主流社会， 表示对社会无用了，因此，人人讳言“老”。相应的，退休的 人retired people
3.转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻,它根本不说出本体事物,直接 用比喻事物代替本体事物.例如:The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工(这里buses 喻指司机drivers).英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字,除本义外,常 可转借喻人,形象生动,意味隽永.例如:She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花(以虫喻人). 4.借喻(figurativeness) 借喻是用一个事物来指代与它关系密切的另一个事物.借喻 中只出现喻体,而不出现本体,即用喻体替代本体.借喻中使用 替代词的意义是它的转义,而不是本义.它着眼于两种事物之 间的联系,而非二者的相似性.例如:He was most furious when he found that his wife had kept a secret purse. 他 发现妻子存有私房钱,非常愤怒.这里的secret purse指与之 有密切联系的 "私房钱".secret purse与"私房钱"的联系在 于:钱包是用来装钱的
For instance: We are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
英语中几种不同的比喻 1.明喻(the simile) 明喻通常是把被比喻的"本体"和用以比喻的"喻体"同时说 出,说明本体事物像喻体事物,表示"好像"意思的比喻说法 就叫明喻.如:as clear as crystal清如水晶. 2.隐喻(the metaphor) 隐喻是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征,用一事物去暗 示另一事物的比喻方式.本体和喻体之间不用比喻词,只是 在暗中打比方.如:Argument is war.实际上argument和 war是两种不同的事物,前者是口语谈论,后者是武装冲突. 但argument和war都可能十分激烈,因此该句用战争(war) 来暗指辩论(argument)激烈的程度.又如:He has a heart of stone.他铁石心肠.还有许多隐喻成语如:to teach fish to swim班门弄斧;to plough the sand白费力气 .
英语常见修方榆 09323300 岳文洋 09323418
Personification（拟人）:
It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生 命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).
5.提喻(synecdoche) 提喻与借喻相似,也是用一种事物 替代另一事物,句中只出现喻体,而 不出现本体.但是,借喻中二事物有 密切的联系,而提喻中两事物则体 现于同一体中,是部分与整体的关 系,是"包含"与"覆盖"的关系.例 如:Yet there were some stout hearts who attempted resistance.但是也有些胆大的人 试图抵抗.用人的一部分heart代替 人,是用部分代替整体的情况.
That’s all Thank you !