The IMMRD format of a original research paper
I = Introduction M&M = Material and
method R = Results D = Discussion
Function of IMMRD
Introduction: What question was studied ? (the objectives of the study)
Background information & previous work are woven together to justify the study
Introduction ends with the aim or main outcomes of the study
Listed parts of a paper (MS)
In the recent 100 years, scientific writing becomes more structured with a certain format
The IMMRD (or IMRAD) becomes commonly accepted scientific writing
Scientific writing ensures the scientific findings be learned & passed on
2. 科学论文的一般格式
The first world journals were published ca. 300 years ago
The early scientific writing was very descriptive
科学论文的组织
The most common order of the component parts in the scientific journals is:
Introduction Materials & methods Results Discussion
1.为什么要写科学论文
•Without publication, science is dead.
•-- Gerard Piel
A scientific experiment is not complete until the results have been published & understood
3. 科学论文的组织
Organization of scientific papers
A scientific paper is organized to meet the needs of valid publication
It should be highly STYLIZED
with distinctive & clearly evident components (I,MM,R,D)
Materials & methods: how & based on what the problem studied ?
Function of IMMRD
Results: what are the findings ?
Discussion: what do the findings mean ?
results or reviewing scientific findings &
development that will be published validly
Characteristics of scientific papers
The key characteristics of scientific writing is its clarity
Scientific writing must be understood (simple)
Scientific writing is the transmission of a clear & simple signal to a recipient (reader)
Scientific writing should use an appropriate language
科学研究方法与论文写 作技巧
2020/3/22
下篇：科学成果的表述方法
一、科学论文及其一般格式和组织 二、论文题目、作者署名及摘要的撰写 三、研究概况和研究目的——前言 四、研究材料与方法的选用和表述 五、研究结果及其表述方法 六、研究结果及其意义的讨论 七、如何致谢和引用参考文献 八、科学论文的投稿程序及须知 九、科学论文的审稿和发表程序
一、科学论文及其一般格式 和组织
The organization & format of a scientific paper
What is a scientific paper (article)
A scientific paper:
is a written document describing original research
Title Authors Address Abstract/
summary Key words Introduction Material and
methods Results Discussion
Acknowledgements Reference/
literature cited Tables Figure legends Figures Appendices
•Structure of a paper
•Title & Abstract •Introductio n •Materials & methods
•Results
•Discussion
The IMMRD Diagram
Shape of boxes are importanIntroduction attracting the interest of audience