2、适航的标准——谨慎处理（克尽职责）
须克尽职责的人不限于承运人本人，还包括其 代理人、雇佣人和其他就此向承运人负责的人。
3、适航的内容 船体结Fra bibliotek安全 → 船舶证书 船员配备足够、适当 → 船员证书 妥善装备船舶及配备供应品 → 海图、燃料 船舱适货
4、谨慎处理使船舶适航的时间
开航前和开航当时
shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.
1、承运人的管货义务 何谓“妥善”？
–客观方法
何谓“谨慎”？
–主观态度
管货过失与管船过失的不同后果
1、承运人的签发提单的义务
签发提单的前提 谁有义务签发提单
2、提单的记载事项
货物标志 货物的件数或重量或体积 货物的外表状况
3、承运人拒绝在提单上作有关记载的条件 合理怀疑，或 无法测量
4. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie
evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3(a), (b), and (c).
1、提单（记载事项）的证据效力 表面证据（初步证据） 承运人可提出反证
本条规定了公约的效力
应与Article 5、Article 6、Article 7、 Article 8 一起理解
Article 3
1. The carrier shall be bound before and at the
beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to (a) Make the ship seaworthy. (b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship. (c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool
1、海牙规则的适用范围（单证）
与Article 10联系起来一起解读 物权凭证（Document of Title）的含义
– 可转让性（Negotiability）
海运单等不可转让单证不适用于海牙规则 不适用于租船契约本身
2、汉堡规则
提单或作为海上运输契约证明的其他单证 (Art.18)
不适用于租船契约本身（Art.2.2)
3、CMC
提单、其他运输单证(Art.80)、租船契约
4、运输法草案
所有货物运输合同，但不包括租约（尚未确定） 运输单证包括：可转让或不可转让的单证或电
子记录
(c) “Goods” includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.
(c) The apparent order and condition of the goods.
Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.
《海牙规则》的产生
– 英国对制定提单法的态度： 国内立法？民间规则？国际公约？
– 海牙规则的制定和通过 – 英国1924年COGSA
《海牙规则》释义
Article 1
In this convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:
–船东的订约自由：提单上的免责条款 后果：动摇了贸易界对提单的信心
《哈特法》及其影响
–对提单立法的呼声 –Harter Act 1893
相对适航义务；航海过失免责；限制订约自 由——最低义务之限定。
–哈特法的影响 1904年澳大利亚COGSA 1908年新西兰《航运及海员法》 1910年加拿大《水上运输法》
(a) “Carrier” includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.
1、承运人的确定 船东自己作为承运人 船东将船舶出租：
–承租人提单 –船东提单 –既非船东提单，也非租家提单，由船长签发 –既非船东提单，也非租家提单，由代理人签发
Demise Clause 的效力
–订约自由？ –减轻责任的条款？公共政策？
2、维斯比规则：
未作修改
3、汉堡规则、CMC：
CMC Art.42 增加了实际承运人的规定
4、运输法草案：
承运人＋履约方 履约方的范围
(b) “Contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations between a carrier and a holder of the same.
(a) The leading marks……as the same are furnished in writing by the shipper……
(b) Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.
1、海牙规则不适用于活动物和舱面货
原因 舱面货（甲板货）的含义（条件）
–实际装载在舱面上 –合同（提单）明确注明装载在舱面上 –对集装箱货物的处理
2、汉堡规则、CMC、运输法草案
适用于所有货物，包括由货方提供的装运工具 CMC对舱面货的规定（Art.53）
(d) “Ship” means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by sea
2、其他提单法律对于承运人管货义务的规定
维斯比规则、CMC、运输法草案：
–同海牙规则
汉堡规则：
–较海牙规则严格（举证责任在承运人）
3. After receiving the goods into his charge the
carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things—
只适用于从事货物运输的船舶 须为海船
–包括与海相通的可航水域（Navigabel Waters）
(e) “Carriage of goods” covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
5、关于适航的举证责任 承运人需举证证明
–在开航前和开航当时已做到谨慎处理，或 –货损与不适航无关，而是 –因其他免责事项引起
6、其他提单法律关于适航的规定 维斯比规则、CMC：
–同海牙规则（CMC Art.47）
汉堡规则：
–介于海牙规则与绝对适航之间 –承运人承担举证责任
2. Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier
《海牙规则》释义 及其与其他提单法律之比较
《海牙规则》制定之背景
普通法上船东的严格责任及订约自由
–普通法上船东的三大默示义务： 保证船舶绝对适航(Absolute seaworthy) 不得不合理绕航(Unlawful deviation) 尽责速遣(Due despatch)
–普通法上的免责事由： 天灾；火灾；公敌行为；货物缺陷或包装不良；货物 遭受共同海损牺牲