建筑施工技术论文班级:16级土木工程1102班学号:姓名:魏鹏刚建筑施工技术论文建筑施工技术探析【摘要】目前我国建筑技术的水平还比较低，建筑业作为传统的劳务密集型产业和粗放型经济增长方式，没有得到根本性的改变，在建筑工程领域如何加快科技成果转化，不断提高工程的科技含量，全面推进施工企业技术进步，促进建筑技术整体水平提高的唯一的途径就是紧紧依靠科技进步，将科学的管理和大量技术上先进、质量可靠的科技成果广泛地应用到工程中去，应用到建筑业的各个领域。
【关键词】建筑；施工；技术随着科学技术的飞速发展，在建筑行业中也有了日新月异的变化。
当前的建筑市场竞争激烈，要想开拓市场站稳脚跟，谋求更大的发展，就必须依靠科技创新来增强企业实力，保证施工的关键技术设备紧跟国际发展趋势，与行业先进水平同步。
靠增加科技含量来提高工程质量，降低生产成本，创造最佳效益。
1 建筑施工技术发展状况随着科技水平的不断提供，建筑施工技术的水平也相应得到了相当成熟的提高，特别是近年来，施工工程中不断出现的新技术和新工艺给传统的施工技术带来了较大的冲击，这一系列新技术的出现，不但解决了过去传统施工技术无法实现的技术瓶颈，推广和引导了新的施工设备和施工工艺的出现，而且新的施工技术使得施工效率得到了空前的提高，一方面它降低了工程的成本、减少了工程的作业时间，另一方面更是增强了工程施工的安全可靠度，为整个施工项目的发展提供了一个更为广阔的舞台。
目前建设部重点推广的“建筑业十项新技”，包括深基坑支护技术、高强高性能混凝土技术、高效钢筋和预应力混凝土技术、粗直径钢筋连接技术、新型模板和脚手架应用技术、建筑节能和新型墙体应用技术、新型建筑防水和塑料管应用技术、钢结构技术、大型构件和设备的整体安装技术、企业的计算机应用和管理技术。
2 建筑施工新技术应用分析2.1 大体积混凝土施工对于大体积混凝土施工中，大体积混凝土施工过程中，由于混凝土中水泥的水化作用是放热反应是相当复杂的。
一旦产生的温度应力超过混凝土所能承受的拉力极限值时，混凝土就会出现裂缝。
控制混凝土浇筑块体因水泥水化热引起的温升、混凝土浇筑块体的里外温差及降温速度，防止混凝土出现有害的温度裂(包括混凝土收缩裂)是施工技术的关键问题。
根据具体情况和温度应力计算，确定是整浇或分段浇筑。
然后根据确定的施工方案计算混凝土运输工具、浇筑设备、捣实机械和劳动力数量。
常用的浇筑方法是用混凝土泵浇筑或用塔式起重机浇筑。
浇筑混凝土应合理分段分层进行，使混凝土沿高度均匀上升，浇筑应在室外气温较低时进行，混凝上浇筑温度不宜超过。
大体积混凝上分段浇筑完毕后，应在混凝上初凝之后终凝之前进行一次振捣或进行表面的抹压，排除上表面的泌水，用木拍反复抹压密实，消除最先出现的表面裂缝。
在冬期施工的条件下，混凝土抹压密实后应及时覆盖塑料薄膜，再覆盖保温材料(岩棉被、革帘等)。
非冬期施工条件时，可覆盖塑料薄膜及保温材料，也可在混凝土终凝后在其上表面四周筑堤，灌水20-30cm深，进行养护。
并定期测定混凝土表面和内部温度。
混凝土在潮湿环境中的养护时间，对采用硅酸盐水泥、普通硅酸盐水泥或矿渣硅酸盐水泥拌制的混凝土，不得少于7d，对掺用缓凝型外加剂或有抗渗要求的混凝土，不得少。
2.2 防水施工技防水实际上就是在与水接触的部位防渗漏、防有害裂缝的出现。
我们应该遵循正确的设计原则。
综合治理、多道设防、刚柔结合、防排并用、复合防水、全面设防、节点密封)，合理选择防水材料和施工工艺。
对于屋面防水，本文提出了一种较为新型的施工技术，即聚合物水泥基复合涂膜施工；这种施工技术首先做好板缝、节点和基层处理。
塔楼屋面及裙楼屋面施工时涂膜应分遍涂布，先涂的涂料干燥成膜后方涂布后一遍涂料。
铺设方向互相垂直，最上面涂层厚度不小于1mm。
涂膜防水层的收头用防水涂料多遍涂刷，不得出现流淌和堆积现象。
防水层反起墙面不少。
对于外墙防水，宜采用加气砼砖墙施工，即为防止抹灰层开裂空鼓，加气砼砌块墙体抹灰前先在两种不同材料之间的界面挂钢丝网。
钢丝网固定后再进行基面处理，20％的108胶水，再掺以15％的水泥配成浆体涂刷。
基面处理后再进行抹灰层施工。
砌筑时严禁使用干砖或含水饱和的砖。
不得随浇随砌。
水平灰缝厚度和竖向灰缝宽度控制10＋2cm范围，水平灰缝砂浆饱满度>80％。
一般分三次砌到顶，采用钢筋砼过梁。
在后续的防水层施工中，SKK水性超低污染氟涂料(二液防污型)在找平层上以十字交叉各刷一道，厚度3mm，施工完后应及时进行淋水养护。
2.3 屋面施工。
屋面施工主要环节应该属于屋面的防水施工，通常采用传统的防水卷材，包括沥青防水卷材、高聚物改性沥青防水卷材、合成高分子防水卷材三个系列。
防水卷材的主导品种是高聚物改性沥青防水卷材和高分子防水卷材。
随着社会的不断进步发展，将会出现更多的新技术、新设备和新材料，要勇于创新，大胆应用，并结合现代化科学管理，在建设工程施工生产中不断取得好成绩。
同时，为不断推进建筑业技术进步，加大建筑业推广先进适用新技术的力度，对建筑业新技术内容也应加以调整和补充，不断适应新的生产力发展要求，实现企业的可持续发展。
2.4 钢筋连接施工钢筋连接施工中有需要规范的问题，比如机械连接、焊接接头面积百分率应按受拉区不宜控制。
如遇钢筋数量单数时，百分率略超过些也是符合要求的。
受压区则不限制。
绑扎接头面积百分率控制：受拉钢筋梁、板、墙类不宜大，当工程中确有必要增大接头面积百分率时，梁受拉钢筋不应大于50％，其他构件可根据实际情z粱中受拉钢筋接头面积百分率是一个底线，不应越过，其他构件则可以放宽，但必须满足搭接长度的要求。
如般柱子钢筋(特别是构造柱)，也可设置一个搭接头，这将方便于施工。
目前一种新型的钢筋连接方式出现了，即直螺纹接头连接；直螺纹接头连接分别三种不同的形式。
对于钢筋直螺纹连接，在具体施工中标准接头的连接时，首先把装好连接套筒的一端钢筋拧到被连接钢筋，使套筒外露的丝扣不超1个完整扣，连接即告完成。
加长丝头型接头：先将锁紧螺母及标准套筒按顺序全部拧在加长丝头钢筋一，将待接钢筋的标准丝头靠紧，再将套筒拧回到标准丝头，并用板手拧紧，再将销紧螺母与标准套筒拧紧锁定，连接即告完成。
对于接头检验时，当接头连接完成，由质检人员分批检验。
按如下方式进行检验：目测接头两端外露螺纹长度相等，且不超过一个完整丝(加长螺纹除外)，每300个接头为一，每批抽验一，要求钢筋连接质100％合格。
参考文献[1] 周兆银，周国恩，建筑工程施工实训指导[M].重庆：重庆大学出版社，2012[2] 孟小鸣，施工组织与管理[M].北京：中国电力出版社，2014[3] 曲颐胜，建筑施工组织与管理[M].北京：科学出版社，2007[4] 姚刚主编.土木工程施工.北京：人民交通出版社，2013[5] 何凯，建筑工程质量管理，《商品与质量：建筑与发展》- 2012[6] 刘宗仁主编.土木工程施工.北京：高等教育出版社，2011.[7] A. J. Thomson, et al.牛津实用英语语法.[8]常建立，曹智[M].北京：北京理工大学出版社，2013Reliability of Frame and Shear Wall Structural Systems. I: Static LoadingAhmed GhobarahAbstract:An efficient and accurate algorithm is developed to evaluate the reliability of a steel frame and reinforced concrete shear wall structural system subjected to static loading. In a companion paper, the algorithm is extended to consider dynamic loading, including seismic loading. The concept integrates the finite-element method and the first-order reliability method, leading to a stochastic finite element-based approach.In the deterministic finite-element representation, the steel frame is represented by beam-column elements and the shear walls are represented by plate elements. The stiffness matrix for the combined system is then developed. The deterministic finite-element algorithm is verified using a commercially available computer program. The deterministic algorithm is then extended to consider the uncertainty in the random variables. The reliability of a steel frame with and without the presence of reinforced concrete shear walls is evaluated for the strength and serviceability performance functions. The results are verified using Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm quantitatively confirms the beneficial effect of shear walls, particularly when the steel frame is weak in satisfying the serviceability requirement of lateral deflection. The algorithm can be used to estimate the reliability of any complicated structural system consisting of different structural elements and materials when subjected to static loading. The procedure will be useful in the performance-based design guidelines under development by the profession.Reliability Analysis of Frame with Shear WallsThe frame shown in Fig. 2 is reinforced with shear walls as shown in Fig. 1. The statistical properties of two addit ional variables related to the shear walls, Ec and ν, are given in Table 3. The building is assumed to contain five similar frames connected by rigid diaphragms at the floor levels. Only the center frame of the building is assumed to have shear walls. Although the physical thickness of the shear wall is 12.7cm,considering the presence of five similar frames and the rigid behavior of diaphragms, the effective thickness per frame is assumed to be 2.54 cm in this study. The combined system is subjected to the three static loads given in Table 3. After the tensile stress of each shear wall exceeds the prescribed tensile stress of concrete, the degradation of the shear wall stiffness is assumed to be reduced to 40% of the original stiffness.The probability of failure of the combined system is calculated using the proposed algorithm. For the strength limit state, the probability of failure of a column, represented by Node eg in Figs. 1 and 2, is estimated. For the serviceability limit state, the horizontal deflection at the top of the combined system (point a in Figs. 1 and 2) is evaluated. The results are summarized in Table 4.As before, 10,000 simulations are used for the strength limit state and 100,000 simulations are used for the serviceability limit state. For both the strength and serviceability limit states, the reliability indexes estimated by the proposed algorithm and the Monte Carlo simulation technique are similar. The results clearly indicate thatthe proposed algorithm can be used to estimate the probability of failure of a combined system consisting of frame and shear walls under static loading. The reliability of the column did not change significantly due to the presence of shear walls. However, the horizontal drift at the top of the frame reduced significantly and the probability of failure of the combined system in serviceability became almost zero. This is expected. For the combined system, the controlling limit state has changed from serviceability to strength. This simple example clearly demonstrates the beneficial effect of shear walls in carrying horizontal loads. It also demonstrates that the proposed algorithm can be used to estimate the reliability of a complicated structural system under static loading conditions, broadening the application potential of reliability methods.ConclusionsAn efficient and accurate algorithm is developed to evaluate the reliability of a steel frame and RC shear wall structural system. The steel frame is represented by beam-column elements and the shear walls are represented by plate elements. A stochastic finite element-based approach consisting of the reliability approach, the first-order reliability analysis procedure, and the finite-element method is proposed. The reliability of a frame with and without shear walls is evaluated for the strength and serviceability performance functions. The results are verified using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The proposed stochastic finite-element-based algorithm is reasonable for evaluating the reliability of a combined system consisting of frame and shear walls for static loading. It gives similar results for both the strength and serviceability performance functions compared to the results from Monte Carlo Simulation. As expected, this study showed that the reliability of a frame for horizontal deflection could be significantly improved with the help of shear walls. The proposed algorithm to evaluate the reliability of a combined system consisting of steel frames and RC shear walls for static loading is very unique. It produces accurate and efficient results, and can be used in the future to evaluate the reliability of complicated structural systems. The proposed algorithm demonstrates how reliability methods can be applied to evaluate the risk of a real structural system capturing its realistic mechanical behavior. The procedure will be useful in the performance-based design guidelines under development by the profession.References[1] Chaallal O, Nollet M-J, Perraton D. Shear strengthening of RC beams by externally bonded side CFRP strips. Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE 1998;2(2):111–3.[2] Spadea G, Bencardino F, Swamy RN. Structural behaviour of composite RC beams with externally bonded CFRP. Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE 1998;2(3):132–7.[3] Saadatmanesh H, Ehsani MR, Li MW. Strength and ductility of concrete columns externally reinforced with fibre composite straps. ACI Structural Journal 1994;91(4):434–47.[4] Saadatmanesh H, Ehsani MR, Jin L. Seismic strengthening of circular bridge pier models with fibre composites. ACI Structural Journal 1996;93(6):639–47.静荷载作用下框架剪力墙的可靠性作者：Ahmed Ghobarah摘要：一种新的精确有效的计算方法已经被发现用来评价钢筋混凝土框架剪力墙结构在受到静荷载作用时的可靠性。