人教版初中英语九年级全一册语法知识点汇总
动词
1.被动语态（passive voice）
（1）主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）。
当主语为动作的执行者时，谓语的形式为主动语态；当主语为动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态。
【练习】：判断下列句子为主动句还是被动句，并找出该动作的执行者和承受者。
Many people speak English.
Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
English is spoken by many people.
The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.
（2）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。
助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。
现以动词ask为例，将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的肯定式、否定式及疑问式列表如下：
（3）含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+ Be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。
Your room must be cleaned every day.
The trees may be planted behind the house.
This game can be played in the winter.
（4）被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者、或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。
The blouse is made of silk.
The zipper is often used in our daily lives.
I think the TV was invented after the car.
2.过去完成时（past perfect tense）*
(1)过去完成时的构成：助动词had(用于各种人称和数) + 过去分词
(2)过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。
它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。
表示过去某一时间可用by, before 等构成的短语，也可用when, before 等引导的从句，或者通过上下文表示。
By the time I got outside, the bus had already left.
When I got to the school, I realized I had left my backpack at home.
The movie had started before I arrived at the cinema.
By the time I got to the airport, my flight had already taken off.
3.情态动词(modal verbs)
很多情态动词都可以表示推测，但所办含的意义不尽相同。
(1)must
must 表示很大的可能性，意为“一定；必定”，只用于肯定句中。
The backpack must belong to Carla.
It’s 10:00 p.m. He must be at home by now.
(2)can 和can't
can 常用于否定句或疑问句中表示惊异、疑问、不相信等。
can't表示“不大可能”。
Can it be true?
What can he mean?
He can’t be more than 40.
I trust Joe. He can’t be lying.
除上述情态动词外，may,might,could都能表示“可能”。
could ,might 语气更加委婉，might语气最为缓和，含义更不确定。
如：
She looks beautiful. I think she may be an actress.
It could be Mei’s hair band. Or it might belong to Linda. They both have long hair.
宾语从句(Objective Clauses)
在复合句中，由一个句子充当宾语，这个句子就叫做宾语从句，引导宾语从句的常见关联词由that, if , whether, what, who, where, why, how等。
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。
定语从句通常置于它修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
例如： I like music that I can dance to.
Carmen likes musicians who play different kinds of music.
上面两句中的music 和musicians 是定语从句所修饰的词，叫做先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词由关系代词that,which,who(宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where,when,why.关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句：
注释：关系代词在句中作宾语时常可省略。
构词法(Word Formation)
英语中很多单词的构成形式是有规律的，掌握单词的构成规律有助于理解和记忆词汇。
英语常见的构词法有合成、派生和转化。
缩写和简写也是构词法的一种。
1.合成法(Compounding)
由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法。
例如：
classroom blackboard worldwide good-looking overcome fifty-four everything downstairs
2.派生法(Derivation)
在一个单词前面或后面加上一个词缀构成新词，这种构词法叫做派生法。
加在单词前面的词缀叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫后缀。
【练习】：请找出下列单词的词缀，在其下方画横线.
actor singer artist tourist Chinese attraction helpless talented natural careless balanced driver
unfriendly exciting really unpleasant cloudy uncomfortable successful invitation friendly
terrorist beautiful disadvantage funny dishonest disagree
bicycle interesting international comfortable homeless
Japanese
interview healthy Internet finally worker
review population return relaxed review
telephone outstanding scientist television usually
runner surprised traditional boring visitor
3.转化法(Conversion)
一个单词由一种词类转换为另一种词类，这种构词法叫转化法。
单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系紧密。
4.缩写和简写(Abbreviation and Simplification)
缩写和简写（也被称为截断法或缩短法），主要采取“截头”“去尾”或者“既截头又去尾”的方式来生成新词。
例如：
telephone---phone airplane ---plane laboratory----lab mathematics ---math advertisement --- ad examination--- exam influenza--- flu
CD: compact disk
CCTV : China Central Television
NBA: National Basketball Association
UFO: unidentified flying object
UN: United Nations
USA: United States of America
WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature or World Wildlife Fund。