语料驱动的微观修辞操作与英语写作教学研究English Rhetorical Devices英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比，分类细，种类多。
下面将英语中的修辞（部分）简单介绍如下：1. Simile 明喻.【英释】It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.【汉释】明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。
说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。
常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as through(好像),such as(像……一样)等。
其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as……as B”。
【例句】①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.②I wandered lonely as a cloud.③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.④My heart is like a singing bird.⑤O my love's like a red, red rose.2. Metaphor 暗喻,隐喻.【英释】It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.【汉释】暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。
喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当，不用like 或as等表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较。
暗喻又叫隐喻。
【例句】①Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.②Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.③She is a woman with a stony heart.④Mark Twain is a mirror of America.⑤He is a pig.3. Metonymy 转喻,借喻.【英释】It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.【汉释】转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段；或者说是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。
转喻又称借喻、换喻，或借代。
【例句】①The kettle boils.水开了(用the kettle壶，表示the water in the kettle 壶里的水)。
②The room sat silent.全屋人安静地坐着（用the room房间，表示the people in the room房间里的人）。
③Grey hairs should be respected.老人应受到尊重（用grey hairs白发，表示old people老人)。
④The pen is mightier than the sword.笔要比剑更锋利（用pen笔，表示article文章）。
⑤I am reading Lu Hsun.我在读鲁迅的作品（用Lu Hsun鲁迅，表示Lu Hsun's works鲁迅的作品）。
4. Synecdoche 提喻.【英释】It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part,etc.【汉释】提喻是用部分代替全(整)体，或用全(整)体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。
【例句】①There are about 100 hands working in his factory.[部分代替整体]他的厂里约有100名工人。
②It was reported that China won the volleyball match.[整体代替部分]椐报载：在这次排球赛中，中国队赢了。
③He is the Newton of this century.[特殊代替一般]他是本世纪的牛顿.5. Allegory 讽喻,寓言.【英释】An expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor.【汉释】建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上（或以讲故事、寓言的形式），传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义；意为“换个方式的说法”。
它是一种形象的描述，具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
【例句】①Make the hay while the sun shines.表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草。
真正意味：趁热打铁。
②It's time to turn plough into sword.表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑。
真正意味：时机成熟了。
6. Personification 拟人.【英释】It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to(赋予) inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象的事物).【汉释】拟人是指把物（包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念等）拟作人，使其具有人的外表、个性或情感的一种修辞手段。
拟人可以通过形容词、动词、名词等表现出来。
【例句】①The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. [把夜拟人化]②I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods. [把鸟拟人化]③Did you see the anger of the tempest? 你看到暴风雨的愤怒了吗？④Thirsty soil drank in the rain. 饥渴的土壤在雨中畅饮。
⑤The year 1871 witnessed the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune. 1871年目睹了（爆发了）英勇的巴黎公社起义。
7. Parody 仿拟,模仿.【英释】Parody is a figure of speech involving the imitation of some famous writer or parts of certain well-known works, or the existing idioms to express a kind of new idea.【汉释】仿拟是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法之一。
这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。
它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出（改变成）新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣昂然。
在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、明言、警句等。
【例句】①Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.②A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.③If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.④Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 有遗嘱必有官司。
⑤To Lie or Not To Lie,that is a question. [Shakespeare: To be or not to be,that is a question.]8. Parallelism 排比,平行.【英释】Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses,sen- Tence,part,etc.【汉释】排比是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似，意思相关，语气一致的短语、句子等排列成串，形成一个整体，用来加强语势强调内容、加重感情的修辞方式。
【例句】①No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.②In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.③Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.9. Antithesis 对偶,对照,对比.【英释】It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.【汉释】用两个结构相似、意义相近或相反的词组或句子来表达相关、相近或相反意思的一种修辞方式叫对偶。