中医名词术语标准参考舌诊舌诊： tongue diagnosis 望舌： inspection of tongue 舌象： tongue manifestation 舌尖： tip of the tongue 舌边： margins of the tongue 舌中；舌心： center of the tongue 舌根；舌本： root of the tongue 舌体；舌质： tongue body 舌色： tongue color 荣枯老嫩：luxuriant/ flourishing, withered, tough and tender 淡白舌： whitish tongue 淡红舌： reddish tongue 红舌： red tongue 青舌： blue tongue 紫舌： purple tongue 青紫色： bluish purple tongue 绛舌：crimson tongue 胖大舌： enlarged tongue 肿胀舌：wollen tongue 瘦薄舌： thin tongue 点刺舌：spotted tongue 芒刺舌： prickly tongue 齿痕舌：teeth-marked tongue 裂纹舌： fissured tongue 光剥舌： peeled tongue 镜面舌： mirror tongue 地图舌： geographical tongue舌衄： spontaneous bleeding of the tongue 强硬舌：stiff tongue 萎软舌： limp wilting tongue 颤动舌：trembling tongue 歪斜舌： deviated tongue 短缩舌： contracted tongue 吐弄舌： protruded agitated tongue 舌卷： curled tongue苔色： coating color 苔质： texture of coating 白苔： white coating 白砂苔： white sandy coating黄苔： yellow coating 黑苔： black coating 灰苔：gray coating 绿苔： green coating 薄苔： thincoating 厚苔： thick coating 润苔： moist coating 燥苔： dry coating 燥裂苔： dry and cracked coating滑苔： slippery coating腻苔： greasy(世中联) /slimy coating 腐苔： curdycoating染苔： stained coating浮脉类（轻取即得）浮（举之有余，按之不足） floating pulse; superficial pulse洪（脉体阔大，充实有力，来盛去衰） surging pulse ； full and over-flowing pulse 濡（浮细无力而软） soggy pulse 散（浮取散漫而无根，伴至数或脉力不匀） scattered pulse芤（浮大中空，如按葱管） hollow pulse;empty pulse革（浮而搏指，中空边坚） tympanic pulse;drumskin pulse沉脉类（重按始得）沉（轻取不应，重按始得） 伏（重按推至筋骨始得）sunken pulse ； deeppulse hidden pulse弱（沉细无力而软） weak pulse ;feeble pulse ； 牢（沉按实大弦长） firm pulse; hard 迟脉类（一息不足四至）迟（一息不足四至） slow pulse; tardy pulsemoderate pulse; relaxed pulse unsmooth pulse ； unevenpulse knotted pulse; bound pulse( irregular intermittent pulse) 数脉类（一息五至以上）数（一息五至以上，不足七至） 疾（脉来急疾，一息七八至） rapid pulse ； quickpulse racing pulse;swift pulse止无定数) irregular-rapid pulse; skipping pulse(rapid irregularintermittent pulse)动（脉短如豆，滑数有力） stirred pulse虚类脉（应指无力）脉诊缓（一息四至，脉来怠缓） 涩（往来艰涩，迟滞不促（数而时一止，虚（举按无力，应指松软） 细（脉细如线，应指明显） 微（极细极软，似有似无） 代（迟而中止，止有定数） 短（首尾俱短，不及本部） weak pulse( astheniapulse) thin pulse ；thready pulse ； faintpulse regularlyintermittent pulse shortpulse实脉类（应指有力）slippery pulsestring-like pulse; wiry pulse; taut pulse tight pulse ； tense pulse long pulse) large pulse真脏脉 true visceral pulse雀啄脉 sparrow( bird) -pecking pulse釜沸脉 seething cauldron pulse; bubble-rising pulse(世中联) 鱼翔脉 fish-waving pulse; fish-swimming pulse虾游脉 shrimp-darting pulse屋漏脉 roof-leaking pulse 解索脉 rope-untwining pulse 弹石脉 stone-flicking pulse 偃刀脉 knife-upturned pulse 转豆脉 bean-spinning pulse 麻促脉 confused skipping pulse 离经脉 abnormally rapid or slow pulse治则治则： therapeutic principle/ 治本： treat the root 治标： treat the tip 正治法：routine treatment 寒者热之： treat cold with heat 热者寒之： treat heat with cold 虚则补之： treat deficiency by tonification 实则泻之： treat excess by purgation 反治法： paradoxical/contrary treatment 寒因寒用： treat cold with cold 热因热用： treat heat with heat 痛因通用： treating the unstopped by unstopping(WHO); treating diarrhea with purgatives 塞因塞用： treating the stopped by stopping(WHO); treating obstructive diseases by tonification 《( 汉 英医学大辞典》 )扶正祛邪： reinforce the healthy qi and eliminate the pathogenic factors攻补兼施： treat with both elimination and reinforcement 误治： erroneous treatment 异病同治： treating different diseases with the same method 同病异治： treating the same disease with different methods 先急后缓 (急则治其标，缓则治其本 )： treating the acute before the chronic(WHO) ；the acute condition should be treated prior to the chronic condition先表后里： treating the exterior before the interior加减方： modified formula 合方： combined formula实（举按充实有力） 滑（往来流利，应指圆滑） 弦（端直以长，如按琴弦） 紧（绷急弹指，状如转索） 长（首尾端直，超过本位） 大（脉体宽大，无汹涌之势 excess pulse治法治法 method of treatment; therapeutic method八法： eight (therapeutic) methods (diaphoresis, emesis, purgation, mediation, warming, clearing, tonification and resolution )汗法： promoting sweating; diaphoresis解表： release the exterior发汗解表： promoting sweating to release the exterior辛温解表： release the exterior with pungent-warm(WHO) ； relieving exterior syndrome with the pungent and worm herbs辛凉解表： release the exterior with pungent-cold(WHO) ； relieving exterior syndrome with the pungent and cold herbs 解肌： release the flesh透表： outthrust through the exterior(WHO) ； expelling pathogen through exterior 透疹： outthrust rashes祛风： dispel wind疏风： disperse wind 散寒： dissipate cold 疏风泄热： disperse wind and discharge heat 疏散风热： disperse wind-heat疏表润燥： disperse from the exterior and moisten dryness 扶正解表： reinforce the healthy qi and release the exterior 宣肺 : diffuse the lung(WHO) ； ventilating the lung(世中联 ) 西化宣肺止咳平喘： diffuse the lung to suppress cough and to calm panting ； ventilating the lung and relieving cough and dyspnea宣肺化痰： diffuse the lung to resolve phlegm(WHO) ； ventilating the lung and resolving phlegm 通(鼻)窍： relieve the throat 利咽： soothe the throat 泻火： purge fire； reduce fire 泻心(肺、肝) ： purge the heart (lung, liver)清肝泻火： clearing the liver to reduce fire(《汉英中医药学词典》 ) 清法： clearing method 清热： clear heat清气泄热： clearing heat from qi aspect 清气凉营；气营两清： clear the qi aspect and cool the nutrient aspect 清营凉血： clear the nutrient aspect and cool the blood aspect 清营透疹： clear the nutrient aspect and promote eruption 清热凉血；凉血： clear heat to cool the blood 透营转气；透热转气： expel from the nutrient aspect through the qi aspect 清热生津： clear heat and engender fluid 清心(肝、胃、肺)火： clear heart (liver, stomach, lung) fire 清热利湿： clear heat and drain dampness 清暑热：clear summerheat 清暑益气： clear summerheat and boost(replenish) qi 解暑：release summerheat 泄热救津： discharge heat to preserve fluid 轻清宣化： clear and disperse with lightness 苦寒泻火： discharge fire with bitter-cold 苦寒清热： clear heat with bitter-cold 降火： reducing fire 解毒： detoxify; removing toxin( 世中联 ) 除疳热： relieve (infantile) malnutrition fever; relieve fever in infantile malnutrition下法： purgation 寒下： cold purgation 泻下泄热 : discharging heat by purgation 温下： warm purgation 峻下；急下： drastic purgation 轻下；缓攻： mild purgation 润下： moistening purgation( 世中联 ) 润肠： moisten the intestine 通便： relax the bowel; promoting defecation; easing defecation; easing bowel movement 泻下软坚：soften hardness with purgation 泻下攻积： remove accumulation with purgation 釜底抽薪： take away firewood from under cauldron 温下寒积： remove cold accumulation with warm purgation 泻下逐水；攻逐水饮： expel retained fluid by purgation 增液润下；增液润肠： increasing humor to relax bowels; increasing body fluid tobowels( induce bowel movement)和法： harmonize method 调和气血： harmonize qi and blood 调和营卫： harmonize the nutrient and defense 理气： regulate qi 行气： move/ activate qi 行气止痛：activate qi to stop pain 行气消胀： activate qi to relieve flatulence理中： regulate the middle 和胃： harmonize the stomach 调和脾胃(肝胃、肝lubricate 脾) ： harmonize the spleen and stomach() 和解表里： harmonize theexterior and interior 和解少阳： harmonize the shao yang 表里双解： release both exterior and interior 交通心肾： coordinate the heart and kidney; harmonize the heart and kidney 祛湿： dispel dampness 清热除湿： clear heat and eliminate dampness 清肝除湿： purge the liver and dispel dampness 散寒祛湿： dissipate cold and dispel dampness 化湿： resolve dampness 清热化湿： clear heat and resolve dampness 祛暑化湿： dispel summerheat and resolve dampness 醒脾化湿： enliven/ invigorating the spleen and resolve dampness 芳香化湿： resolve dampness with aroma 芳香化浊：resolve turbidity with aroma 芳香辟秽： dispel filth with aroma 燥湿： dry dampness 苦温燥湿： dry dampness with bitter-warm 清热燥湿： clear heat and dry dampness燥湿健脾： dry dampness to fortify the spleen； drying dampness and invigorate spleen 利湿： drain dampness 利水渗湿： induce diuresis to drain dampness(WHO)；promoting urination and draining dampness(世中联) 淡渗利湿： draining dampness and with bland 利水消肿： induce diuresis to alleviate edema 分消上下；分消走泄：separate elimination from upper and lower; respectively expelling⋯化饮： resolve retained fluid 祛痰： dispel ;phlegm 化痰： resolve phlegm 燥湿化痰： dry dampness to resolve phlegm 清化热痰： clear and resolve heat-phlegm 温化寒痰： warm and resolve cold-phlegm 温肺化痰： warm the lung and resolve phlegm 温肺化饮： warmthe lung and resolve fluid retention 熄风化痰： extinguish wind and resolve phlegm 祛风痰： dispel wind-phlegm 润燥化痰： moisten dryness to resolve phlegm 降气化痰；下气消痰： direct qi downward to resolve phlegm(WHO) ； descending qi and resolving phlegm; lowering qi and eliminating phlegm(世中联 ) 降逆止咳平喘：descending counterflow of qi, relieving cough and dyspnea (stop cough and calm dyspnea ) 纳气平喘： promote qi absorption to calm panting消痰软坚： eliminate/disperse phlegm and soften hardness 软坚化痰： soften hardness and resolve phlegm 清燥润肺： clear dryness to moisten the lung 润肺止咳：moisten the lung to suppress/stop cough 敛肺止咳： constrain the lung to suppress cough 泻肺平喘：温法： warming method 温补： warm tonification 温里散寒；温里祛寒： warm the interior to dissipate cold 温里： warm the interior 温脾 /胃/ 肺： warm the spleen/ stomach/lung 温中： warm the middle 温中散寒；温中祛寒： warm the middle and dissipate cold 温中和胃： warm the middle to harmonize the stomach 温中止呕：warm the middle to check vomiting 温肺散寒： warm the lung and dissipate cold 温肾；温肾阳： warm the lung 温阳： warm yang 温阳行水： warm yang to move water 暖宫： warm the uterus 温经： warm the meridian 温经止痛： warm the meridian to relieve pain 温经散寒： warm the meridian to dissipate cold 温经回阳；温经扶阳：warm the meridian to restore yang 回阳救逆；回阳： restore yang to save from collapse 温经行滞： warm the meridian to move stagnation 温经养血： warm the meridian to nourish blood 宣痹通阳： diffuse impediment and free yang 行气宽中：move qi to soothe the middle 行气止痛： move qi to relieve pain 行气宽胸： move qi to soothe the chest 理气健脾： regulate qi and fortify the spleen 疏肝理气： soothe the liver and regulate qi 疏肝养血： soothe the liver and nourish blood 疏肝泻火： soothe the liver and purge fire 疏肝健脾： soothe the liver and fortify spleen 疏肝理脾：soothe the liver and regulate spleen 疏肝和胃： soothe the liver and harmonize stomach 疏风： eliminate/ dispel/disperse wind 降逆下气；降气；下气： direct qi downward 降气止呃；降逆止呃： direct(WHO) / descend ( 世中联 )qi downward to relieve hiccup 破气： break qi 凉血止血： cool the blood and stop bleeding凉血散瘀： cool the blood and dissipate stasis 固冲止血： strengthen thoroughfare vessel to stop bleeding 活血： activate blood活血止痛： activate blood to relieve pain 活血化瘀： activate blood and resolve stasis 活血行气： activate blood and move qi 活血调经： activate blood to regulate menstruation 调经： regulate menstruation 通经： dredge(世中联 )/unblock(WHO) the meridian 散瘀： dissipate (blood) stasis 破血逐瘀 ;破瘀；逐瘀： break blood and expel stasis 舒筋活络： relax sinews and activate collaterals 通络： dredge the collaterals 疏风通络： dispel wind to free the collateral vessels 潜阳： subdue yang 平肝潜阳： pacify the liver to subdue yang 熄风： extinguish wind 熄风止痉；熄风解痉： extinguish wind to arrest/stop ( 世中联 ) convulsions 凉肝熄风： cool the liverto/and extinguish wind 滋阴熄风： nourish yin to/and extinguish wind 清热熄风：clear heat to/and extinguish wind 镇肝熄风： calm the liver to/and extinguish wind补法： tonifying method 补气；益气： tonify qi 大补元气： greatly tonify the originalqi 补气壮阳： tonify qi and invigorate yang 补气生血： tonify qi and produce blood 补益气血： tonify qi and replenish blood 升提中气；升举中气： upraise/elevate the middle qi 升阳： upraise/elevate yang 补阳： tonify yang 壮阳： invigorate yang 温补命门： warm and tonify the life gate 补益中气： tonify and replenish the middle qi 补血；养血： tonify blood 补养心血： tonify and nourish heart blood 养心： tonify the heart; cultivate the mind 补脾： tonify the spleen 健脾： fortify (WHO)/ invigorate (世中联 )/ strengthen the spleen 健脾益气： fortify the spleen and replenish qi 健脾养血：fortify the spleen and nourish blood 健脾扶阳： fortify the spleen and support yang 健脾利湿： fortify the spleen and drain dampness健脾豁痰： fortify the spleen to sweep phlegm 健胃： invigorate the stomach 开胃：increase the appetite 温补脾胃： warm and tonify the spleen and stomach 补火助阳；补肾火： tonify fire and assist yang 柔肝；养肝： nourish/soothe the liver 滋阴：enrich yin and tonify yang 滋阴补阳： enrich yin and tonfy yang 滋阴潜阳： enrich yin and subdue yang 滋阴抑阳： enrich yin and repress yang 滋肾养肝： enrich the kidney and nourish the liver 补心阴；养心阴： tonify the heart yin 补肝阴；养肝阴： tonify the liver yin 润肺： moisten the lung 生津： produce fluid 养胃阴；补胃阴；养胃：nourish the stomach yin 补肾益气： tonify the kidney and replenish qi 温肾健脾：warm kidney and tonify the spleen 调肝补肾： regulate the liver and supplement the kidney 滋、补、养、益： nourish /enrich/ tonify/ supplement（不统一，有重叠，难以区别）滋水涵木： enrich water to moisten wood 酸甘化阴： sour and sweet transforming into yin （世中联）;form yin with the sour and sweet 辛甘化阳：pungent and sweet transforming into yang （世中联） ;form yang with the pungent and sweet 引火归原；引火下行： conduct fire back to its origin 温肾纳气： warm the kidney to promote qi absorption固涩法： astringing method 涩肠止泻： astringe the intestines and check diarrhea 固精： secure essence 固精缩尿： secure essence and reduce urination 固崩止带： stem flooding and check vaginal discharge; stopping metrorrhagia and leukorrhgia （世中联）固冲止带： secure the thoroughfare vessel and stanch vaginal discharge 固表：secure the exterior 固表止汗；敛汗固表： secure/consolidate （世中联） the exterior to check sweating 安神： tranquilize 养心安神： nourish the heart to tranquilize the mind 镇惊安神： settle fright and tranquilize the mind 重镇安神： tranquilize the mind by heavy settling 开窍；醒脑： open the orifices; inducing resuscitation; resuscitation （世中联）清心开窍： clear the heart and open the orifices 清热开窍： clear heat to open the orifices 化痰开窍： resolve phlegm to open the orifices芳香开窍： open the orifices with aroma消食导滞： promote digestion and remove food stagnation 消痈散结： disperse abscesses and nodules消痈散疖： disperse abscesses and boils。