动词的第三人称单数现在式变化规则：1）一般由动词原形加-sget-gets play-plays2）以e结尾的动词，加-slike-likes make-makes3)以o结尾的动词加-esgo-goes do-does以s,x,ch,sh等字母结尾的动词，后面加-eskiss-kisses fix-fixes teach-teaches fish-fishes4)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先将y变i,再加-esfly-flies study-studies5)have–has一般现在时主语+动词原型VI have a friend.You have a friend.We have a friend.They have a friend.主语（第三人称单数）+动词V（三单）She/He/It has a friend.Tom/My mother has a friend.名词单数变复数口诀(一)规则变化名词单数变复数，直接加-s占多数；s,x,z,ch,sh来结尾，直接加上-es；词尾是f或fe，加-s之前先变ve；辅母+y在词尾，把y变i再加-es；词尾字母若是o，常用三个已足够，要加-es请记好，hero,tomato,potato。
(二)不规则变化男人女人a变e，鹅足牙oo变ee；老鼠虱婆也好记，ous变ic；孩子加上ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用变。
This---these(这些)that--those(那些)【解说】1.英语名词有单数和复数的区别，单数表示“一”，复数表示“多于一。
”名词由单数变复数，多数是规则的变，直接加-s，例如：book→books,girl→girls。
但以-s,-z,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词，变成复数时加-es,例如：bus→buses,buzz→buzzes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes2.-f(e)结尾的名词单数变复数歌诀：①树叶半数自已黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像强盗逃命忙。
②妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。
例如：leaf(树叶，叶子)，half(一半)，self(自已)，wife(妻子)，knife(刀子)，shelf(架子)，wolf(狼),thief(窃贼，强盗)和life(生命)，这些名词变成复数时，都要改-f(e)为v，再加-es。
3.-f结尾的名词直接加-s变复数歌诀：海湾边、屋顶上，首领奴仆两相望；谁说他们无信仰，证据写在手帕上。
例如：gulf,roof,chief,serf,belief,proof,handkerchief，这些名词变复数直接加-s。
注：scarf(围巾；披风)可以先改f为ve再加-s，也可直接加-s。
4.辅音字母+y结尾的名词，把y变i加-es。
例如：baby→babies,country→countries,family→families；而-y前是元音时，-y不变，直接加-s。
例如：day→days,boy→boys5.以-o结尾的名词变复数时，多数直接加-s。
例如：radio→radios,piano→pianos,kangaroo→kangaroos；有的须加-es，中学课本中有几个这样的单词，可以通过一句口诀来记忆：黑人英雄爱吃西红柿和土豆。
即：Negro→Negroes,hero→heroes,tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes；有的以o结尾的名词既可加-s也可加-es。
例如：volcano(火山)→volcanos/volcanoes等。
6.名词复数的不规则变化需要特别记忆。
例如：man→men,woman→women,goose→geese,foot→feet,tooth→teeth,mouse→mice,louse(虱子)→lice,child→children,fish→fish,deer(鹿)→deer,sheep→sheep等。
7.初中课本中表示“某国人”的名词复数形式变化可通过歌诀记忆：中日不变英法变，其余-s加后面。
例如：Chinese→Chinese,Japanese→Japanese；Englishman→Englishmen,Englishwoman→Englishwomen,Frenchman→Frenchm en,Frenchwoman→Frenchwomen；American→Americans,Rusian→Rusians,Arab→Arabs,German→Germans等。
8.不可数名词一般只有单数形式，没有复数形式。
有些不可数名词可借助单位词表示一定的数量。
例如：a cup of tea一杯茶,two pieces of paper两张纸,an item of news一则新闻不规则动词过去式与过去分词分类记忆表一、AAA.（原形，过去式和过去分词一致）1.花费cost cost cost2.割cut cut cut3.伤害hurt hurt hurt4.让let let let5.放put put put6.朗读read read read7.设置、安置set set set8.打击，碰撞hit hit hit9.关上门窗shut shut shut10.让let let let二、ABB（过去式和过去分词一致）1)过去式、过去分词含有-ought1.带来bring brought brought2.买buy bought bought3.打架fight fought fought4.想think thought thought5.寻找、探究seek sought sought2)过去式、过去分词含有-aught5.抓住catch caught caught6.教teach taught taught3)过去式、过去分词-t替换原形-d7.建筑build built built8.借出lend lent lent9.花费spend spent spent10.派遣send sent sent4)过去式、过去分词在原形词尾加t或d11.学会learn learnt/ed learnt/ed12.意思mean meant meant13.燃烧burn burnt/ed burnted13.做梦dream dreamt/ed dreamt/ed13.处理deal dealt dealt14.听hear heard heard5）过去式、过去分词改为-ept15.保持keep kept kept16.睡觉sleep slept slept17.扫sweep swept swept6）过去式、过去分词改为-elt18.感觉feel felt fel19.嗅smell smelt/ed smelt/ed20.拼写spell spelt/ed spelt/ed7)过去式、过去分词改为-aid20.孵蛋lay laid laid21.说say said said22.支付pay paid paid8)过去式、过去分词改为-old23.卖sell sold sold24.告诉tell told told9)过去式、过去分词改为-ood25站stand stood stood26.明白understand understood understood10)其它变化27.得到get got got(gotten)28.坐sit sat sat29.照顾babysit babysat babysat30.离开leave left left31.失去lose lost lost32.找到find found found33.有have(has)had had34.握住，召开hold held held35.制造make made made36.悬挂hang hung hung37.照耀shine shone shone39.赢win won won40逃跑flee fled fled41喂feed fed fed42.引导，导致lead led led43遇见meet met met三、ABA（过去式与原形一致）1.变成become became become2.来come came come3.跑run ran run四、ABC（原形、过去式、过去分词各不一样）1).过去分词在过去式或原形后加-n或-en1.击败beat beat beaten2.破坏break broke broken3.驾驶drive drove driven4.吃eat ate eaten5.落下fall fell fallen6.给give gave given7.生长grow grew grown8.知道know knew known9.blow blew blown10.扔throw threw thrown11.展示show showed shown12.弄错，错误mistake mistook mistaken13.拿take took taken14.摇动shake shook shaken15.说speak spoke spoken16.选择choose chose chosen2)三种形式都有变化1.是be(is,am,are)was/were been2.开始begin began begun3.做do did done4.喝drink drank drunk5.飞fly flew flown6.忘记forget forgot forgotten(forgot)7.躺lie lay lain8.骑ride rode ridden9.打电话ring rang rung10.唱sing sang sung11.穿wear wore worn12.游泳swim swam swum13.写write wrote written14.去go went goneGrammar一、现在完成时的构成现在完成时的构成：助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词过去分词的构成方法如下:A:1.一般情况下，直接在动词原形后面加–ed.worked answered obeyed wanted 2.以不发音的-e结尾的动词只加–d.moved hoped divided3.字尾是辅音+y的动词。
则将y改i加ed.studied tidied satisfied4.以重读闭音节结尾的词，这些词的末尾只有一个辅音字母时，双写这个辅音字母，再加–ed.stopped regretted dropped B:Learn the verb list on P122.二、现在完成时的用法1、现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。