❖ What is omitted?
❖ Moreover, it is sometimes believed that the omitted part is not inside the text but outside the text, in context.
❖ Glad to meet you! ❖ Haven’t heard from you for a long time ❖ What is omitted?
❖ He came. He saw. He conquered. ❖ He died. He didn’t see the sum of money
❖ It is often accepted that there is a major reason as follows:
❖ As far as pragmatic motivation is concerned, substitution and ellipsis are both motivated by the economy principle. Human beings are apt to use the minimum and most effortless possible linguistic units in the process of communication so that they can convey the maximum possible information with the minimum possible effort.
❖ Ellipsis refers to the omission of an item and substitution refers to the replacement of one item by another.
❖ Task 4 discussion
❖ Why do we often adopt ellipsis and substitution in writing and speaking?
❖ It is clear that wife and her are in the relation of cohesive ties.
❖ Cohesive ties may be either grammatical devices such reference, ellipsis, and substitution, and conjunction, or lexical devices such as general words, reiteration and collocation.
❖ It should be noted that anaphora refers to an item whose referent is retrievable in the preceding part of the text.
❖ Cataphora refers to an item whose referent can be retrieved within the succeeding part of the text.
❖ For instance,
❖ Can you see that man over there?
❖ I would like to take this
❖ Task 2 analyze
❖ Who does “that man, I” refer to ?
❖ What does “this” refer to?
k 1 Brainstorming
❖ _______ but he couldn’t keep her
❖ Please help make a complete sentence with the part mentioned above
❖ Peter had a wife but he couldn’t keep her
❖ --Do you like New York?
❖ --Yes, I do.
❖ Clausal substitution refers to the replacement of a noun clause by using so,not
❖ --Is John coming to the evening party?
❖ He died, for he didn’t see the car coming ❖ In that case, he would have taken a taxi. ❖ The weather was appalling. But we had a
pleasant time.
Ex.
❖ It should be however pointed out that there are some different cases
❖ The referents can not be found inside the sentences but in the context outside the text.
What is endophora?
❖ It refers to an item whose referent can be retrieved within the text. Endophora can be further divided into two subcategories: anaphora(前指） and cataphora （后指）
❖ Task 3 seeking out
❖ Please seek out what category they belong to.
❖ One has to do his duties anaphora
❖ Listen to this: John’s getting married
cataphora
❖ --I hope so/I hope not
conjunction
❖ Conjunction in grammar refers to a word or expression like and, but, or , in that case, for example, connecting words, phrases, clauses, and sentences with a certain logical relation.
substitution
❖ According to the elements substituted , there are three types of substitution:
❖ Nominal substitution ❖ Verbal substitution ❖ Clausal substitution
❖ A brief introduction will be given to grammatical devices while lexical devices should be introduced in detail.
Grammatical devices
❖ Reference refers to the semantic relations in which a word or words are used to enable the addressee to identify someone or something.
❖ Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence, which will be elaborated in next lecture.
❖ Reference falls into two categories: ❖ They are exophora (指外） and
endophora（指内）
What is exophora?
❖ It is also called exophoric reference or situation reference, referring to an item whose referent is retrievable in the context of situation.
❖ Nominal substitution refers to the replacement of a noun.
❖ --I have lost my watch
❖ --Get a new one
❖ Verbal substitution refers to the substitution of a verb phrase.
Ellipsis
❖ It is usually noted that as for ellipsis, the omitted part can be found in the text
❖ --Did you see him yesterday? ❖ --Yes. ❖ What is omitted?
❖
It is generally accepted that revolves around the sun.
the
ceaatrtahphora
❖ Do you want to have another biscuit?
exophora
❖ Secondly the grammatical device worth mentioning here is ellipsis and substitution.