复合句【语法要点】复合句是由一个主句加一个或几个从句所构成的句子。

从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。

根据从句在句子中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三类。

（一）名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。

其关联词有连接词that、if、whether；疑问代词who、what、which和疑问副词when、where、how、why等。

1.名词性从句句法结构：2.名词性从句的其它用法：1）if不能引导表语从句。

连接代词who、what、whose、which不能引导同位语从句。

2）有时as、as if/though、because也可以引导表语从句，能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be、seem、look等。

例如：Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。

It looks as if it were going to rain. It is because you eat too much.3）介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。

例如：We can learn what we did not know. He will talk to us about what he saw in the .4）连词that引导的名词性从句除能用在except、but、in后之外很少作介词的宾语，。

其它一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步作形式宾语。

例如：He is a good student except that he is careless.You may depend on it that they will support you.5）若主句谓语动词是及物动词make、find、think、see、hear等，则把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。

例如：We find it necessary that we practise spoken-English every day.6）某些作表语的形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，如sure、happy、glad、certain、pleased、afraid、surprised、satisfied等，连词that可省略，有的语法书称之为状语从句。

例如：I am sure that he will succeed.I am afraid you don’t understand what I said.Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.7）连接代词whoever、whatever、whichever也可引导宾语从句。

例如：I will show you whatever you want to see.You may choose whoever you like. I will take whichever fits the sockets.（插座）8）同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容。

常跟同位语从句的名词主要有：idea、news、fact、promise、answer、belief、condition、doubt、fear、hope、order、problem、proof、question、reply、report、suggestion、thought、 truth等。

由连词that引导同位语从句既无语法功能，也无词汇意义，只是引导词；由连词whether引导同位语从句无语法功能，但有词汇意义“是否”；由连词when、where、how引导同位语从句在句中分别作作时间、地点和方式状语。

注意→①关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下：A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。

例如：The question is whether the film is worth seeing.The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.B)在主语从句中，只有it作形式主语时whether和if均可。

否则，也只能用whether。

例如：Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.It hasn’t been decided whether/if we shall attend the meeting.C)在介词之后（介词往往可以省略）。

例如：It all depends (on) whether they will support us.D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。

例如：He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.E)与or not连用时。

例如：We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.②关联词if、whether均可使用的情况如下：A)引导宾语从句，但当宾语从句是否定句时，一般用if引导。

例如：I wonder if/whether the news is true or not. I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.B)在“be+形容词”之后。

例如：He was not sure whether/if it is right or wrong.③用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。

试比较：Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go.（if从句既可理解为宾语从句，也可理解为条件状语从句）doubt作“怀疑”解接宾语从句时，主句为肯定句用whether或if，主句为否定句或疑问句用that。

10）it作形式主语①that所引导的主语从句常由代词it作形式主语。

且wh-系列引导词引导的从句均可。

例如：It makes everyone happy that the girl is still alive.It doesn’t matter too much whether he’s coming or not.It is still open to question who is to head the group. 谁领导这个小组还没定下来。

②常以it作形式主语的句型有：—It +be+形容词(obvious、true、natural、surprising、good、wonderful、funny、possible、likely、certain、probable)+that从句—It +be+名词词组(no wonder、an honour、a good thing、a pity、no surprise)+that从句—It +be+过去分词(said、reported、thought、expected、decided、announced、arranged)+that 从句—It +seem、happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句—It +doesn’t matter(makes no difference, etc)+连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句—当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，也要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。

例如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week（二）定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

引导定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、that等和关系副词where、when、why等。

关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。

而引导引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词有who、whom、whose、which、of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略，通常不用关系代词that。

例如：I have two sisters, who are both students.例如：This is the man who helped me. They have a dog whose barking drives me mad.I know the reason why he came late. This is the place where we lived for 5 years.I will never forger the day when I met Mr. Liu.The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.注意→先行词表示地点时，有时用where，有时用that引导定语从句。

这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的，是及物的就用that(which),否则就用where。

例如;This is the house where he lived last year.This is the house that (which) he visited last year.关系代词which、who或that在限定性定语从句中作宾语时可省略。

例如：Amsterdam is the place we like most.They are looking for a person (who) they can rely on.在定语从句中，若先行词指人，其关系代词可用who、whom，也可用that。

例如：The girl who/that is speaking at the meeting is our monitor.在下列情况下多用或须用who。

①关系代词在从句中作主语时。

例如：The doctor who treated me was very experienced. 给我治病的医生是很有经验的。

②先行词为all、anyone、one、ones、those、people等时。

例如：All who heard the news were excited. 所有听到这消息的人都感到兴奋。

Those who want to go please sign their names here. 想去的人请在这里签名。

④在非限制性定语从句中。

例如：Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.⑤在被分隔的定语从句中。