议论文的常见类型和写作模式正反观点类/ 对比类⏹Para. 1 提出一种社会现象或话题⏹Para. 2 对此人们持有不同的观点----有些人认为……. 有必要…；有些人观点相反，认为……没有必要…⏹Para.3 你的看法⏹Para. 1 ______ has become a hot topic among people recently.Opinions vary from person to person. Some people are inclined to think that___________. On the contrary, there are still many people who won’t agree, and they claim____________.⏹Nowadays, more and more people vioce growing concernover__________. Some people argue that_______, in that________, while others firmly hold that____________.⏹(社会现象)⏹Para. 2⏹Those who are in favor of_________ arguethat_______________. First,_______. Second, __________.Third, ____________.People who criticize ________, on the other hand, maintainthat____________. For one thing,_________. For another thing, __________⏹Para.3 (个人看法)⏹As for as I am concerned, my favor goes to the first / secondview. On the one hand, _______. On the other hand, ___________.⏹In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we _________,we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems and then make the right dicisions.⏹1. 有人认为大学里应独自生活⏹2. 另一些认为大学里应与别人同住⏹3. 你的看法⏹Living alone or Living with Roommates⏹Nowadays, there has appeared a heated discussion among thecollege students as to whether they should live alone outside the campus or live together with other roommates in the students’dormitory. Opinions are divided over the matter.⏹Those who are in favor of Living alone maintain that it is veryconvenient to live by themselves. They can enjoy absolute freedom in a room of their own. They can have their own timetable without disturbing others. They are also free to equipthe room with a personal computer so that they can have easy access to the Internet.⏹But others argue that living with roommates has attractions ofits own. With several students sharing the same room, each person’s experiences can be greatly enriched. They can learn a lot from talking to one another. By learning to tolerate the differences between individuals, they can become more mature.⏹As far as I’m concerned, I prefer to live with roommatesbecause I love the feeling of belonging. Besides, it is a lot cheaper to live in a dorm than to rent a apartment outside the campus⏹说明利弊型---某一现象或观点有利有弊，形成自己的观点⏹Para. 1. 描述或点明一种现象或观点⏹Para. 2. 分析这种现象或观点的优缺点/ 利弊⏹Para. 3 针对问题提出解决方法（我的看法/ 我认为……)例：2008年6月2011年6月Online Shopping⏹In recent years, nothing has gained more popularity than____due to the rapid development of information technology (science and technology / society)._________________________________(列举其表现形式).⏹With the development of science and technology and the steadyimprovement of our living standards, __________have stepped into people’s everyday life._____________(列举其表现形式).⏹Para. 2⏹Undoubtedly, ______ is of many advantages. First,__________. Second, __________. Last but not (by no means) least,_________.Just as every coin has two sides, it is true of ___________. In the beginning, _________.What’s more, ____________. And_________.⏹Para. 3⏹As far as I’m concerned, _____has become increasinglybecome an irrversible trend in the modern society. It is urgent that________. And __________________. In short / In a sense/ In conclusion, only by doing _____ can we ____________.⏹Only if _________ can we_________.⏹Only in this way can we___________.⏹Only when_________ can we_______.⏹Only after__________can we________.常用写法一Doing sth. has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of doing sth. can be illustrated from the following. To begin with, __________. Secondly, _____________. Last but not least, ____________. However, there are also some disadvantages of doing sth. First of all, _________. Another disadvantage is ___________. In addition, ___________.常用写法二There are several advantages of doing sth. In the first place,___________.In the second place, ___________. What is more, ________.Just as everything has two sides, doing something can also cause some problems. For one thing, _________. For another, ____________. For still another, ____________. Furthermore, ___________.Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Private School？You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:⏹1.当前，社会上有很多私立学校和培训学校；⏹2.私立学校的利与弊；⏹3.你的看法。

⏹It can be noticed that a large number of private schools ortraining organizations become a new landscape in education.When you read newspapers, when you watch TV, when you walk on the road, you will inevitably see lots of advertisements about private schools. There are private schools mainly dealing with foreign languages, computers, music and sports.⏹However, is it a good or bad thing to have so many privateschools? As a coin has two sides, so are the private schools.On the one hand, private schools can meet the special needs of the society or the particular requirements of people. On the other hand, they often bring people extra burden because of comparison and competition.⏹When asked to decide whether we should have a societywithout private schools or a society with private schools, I will not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. Although attending a training course will result in the extra cost or burden, it is of tremendous merits in preparing my work and cultivating my skills.现象分析类型⏹Para. 1 提出社会现象或一个问题⏹Para. 2 分析问题分析原因分析其必要性解析其对社会或生活造成的影响危害⏹Para. 3 解决问题⏹例：2010年6月⏹2009年1月⏹Para. 1 现象描述或问题提出⏹Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see that______________.This phenomenon influences_________and fosters__________.⏹Para.2 (探讨原因)⏹This phenomenon can actually be attributed to several possiblereasons. To start with,________. Meanwhile, ___________. In addtion, ________.⏹There are many reasons why ….⏹The existence of the problem of …can be attributed to thefollowing main reasons.⏹Para. 3 提出对策⏹Topic sentence: Since ___ is _____, we should do________.First, __________. Second, ____________. Finally, _______.Anyway, only_________can we_________.提出对策或解决问题的常用句型⏹To deal with this problem successfully, the government, thedepartment concerned has taken many effective measures.⏹Various measures/ steps/ actions should be taken to handle theproblem of …⏹The following measures can be adopted/ carried out to copewith the problem of …⏹There are many means through which college students can getto know the society.⏹Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write ashort essay on the topic Environmental Protection. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.⏹1. 全球变暖对地球环境造成了很大影响⏹2. 引起全球变暖的原因⏹3. 我们需要采取的措施⏹Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write ashort essay on the topic College Students’Job Hunting. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.⏹1. 近几年出现了大学生就业难的现象⏹2. 产生这种现象的原因(如大学生追求的目标过高，专业不对口等)⏹3. 如何解决这一问题(改变就业观念，大学生再培训等)⏹How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic⏹Outline:⏹问题：城市交通拥挤⏹解决方案(solution)1、建造(lay down)更多道路优点：1）降低街道拥挤程度；2）加速车流(flow of traffic) 缺点：占地过多2、开辟(open up)更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不便⏹结论：两者结合⏹Environmental Protection⏹No one，regardless of race, religion or nationality, can deny thatthe world we live in is becoming increasingly intolerablebecause of the effects of global warming. According to manyexperts, even greater impacts are still on the way.⏹There are numerous causes for this problem. On one hand,human-related emissions of carbon into the atmosphere iscausing, and will in the future cause, significant global warming according to the theory. On the other hand, the lack of knowledge about the importance of protecting environment hinders the solving of the problem.⏹It is urgent that immediate and effective actions should be takenright away. First, more trees need to be planted to help improve and beautify the environment. Besides, stricter laws concerning global warming and irresponsible use of fuel resources have to be put into effect and achieved good results.In a word, there is a long way to go before we can take a comfortable world for granted again .⏹College Students’Job Hunting⏹In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult toget a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated phenomenon, aspirant and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon⏹⏹There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadayscollege students aim too high. All they want are “good”jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most collegestudents are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good”enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs.⏹Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society andthe students. The companies should value the students, talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-to–earth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.基本形式上的稍微变异⏹2011年1月⏹现象+对策⏹当提纲只有两条时，你要自己补充上第三条，可以是根据上面两条提纲下一个结论，或提出前景预测，或者补充上自己对这个现象的看法。