to rule as God-given, which should not be
challenged by anyone, and he preferred no
Parliament at all.
Charles I
2.1 Religious Reformation
❖ parliamentary clashes over monopolies
William III and Mary
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
The Rise of the British Empire
• The industrial revolution • The chartist movement • The workshop of the world • The colonial expansion
The industrial revolution
• Causes: 1. Favorable geographical location 2. Political stability 3. Fast-growing population 4. Enclosure movement 5. Well-trained engineers and craftsmen
▪ England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a
republic
Roundheads with pikes
2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
• Restorahe old social order –1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism
The industrial revolution
• 3. Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1766) enabled one hand to spin many threads
at a time
The industrial revolution
• 4. Ark Wright’s water frame (1769) replaced hand labor and required waterpower to drive them
▪ the monarchy attempted to control commercial
activities in the interests of the court ❖ King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and
ruled the country without it for eleven years.
2.2 The Civil War
❖ The civil war broke out (1642—1649)
▪ Between the Royalists (the Cavalier [保王党人]) and
Parliamentarians (Roundheads [圆颅党人]) ❖ Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949
The industrial revolution
• Typical examples of the inventions 1. John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving
The industrial revolution
• 2. James Watt’s steam engine(1765)
❖ The various classes in England soon split up into two camps:
▪ Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentices,
peasants
▪ King: gentry, big landlords and monopolists
2.1 Religious Reformation
❖ Reasons—2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant
❖ Immediate cause: Henry VIII’s divorce
❖ Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII—“only supreme head of the church of England”
Queen Anne
The industrial revolution
The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the second half of the 18th century.
❖ In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise
Henry VIII
The Divine Right of Kings
•
James I was a firm believer in the
Divine Right of Kings.He thought of his right
❖ Glorious Revolution
▪1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary ▪1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the
monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament ) removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy