自考《现代语言学》复习讲义一、常考题型1.填空2.单项选择3.判断正误4.解释词语并举例说明对名词解释并举一两个例子进行说明5.回答问题做题要求：用英文进行答题。

二、各章节学习要点Chapter 1 Introduction （绪论）1.What is linguistics?1.1 Definition （语言学的定义）P.1Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g., English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, but in language in general.1.2 The Scope of linguistics （语言学的研究范畴）P.2—4The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics(普通语言学).This deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study, in contrast to those branches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas.Main branches of linguistics 语言学的主要分支：1）phonetics（语音学）2)phonology （音系学）3)morphology （形态学）4)syntax （句法学）5)semantics （语义学）6)pragmatics （语用学）The study of all these aspects of language forms the core of linguistics.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applie3d to the solution of such practical problems as therecovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.Macrolinguistics 宏观语言学：1) Psycholingusitcs (心理语言学)；2) Sociolinguistics (社会语言学)；3) Anthropological linguistics (人类语言学)；4) Computational linguistics (计算语言学)1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics P.4—7Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic （共时性和历时性）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and writing （口头语和书面语）Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1.3.4 Langue and parole （语言和言语）The distinction between langue and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century.1.3.5 Competence and performance （语言能力和语言运用）Similar to Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is the distinction between competence and performance, which was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.While Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.2. What is language?2.1 Definitions of language p.9Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类在交际中使用的一套任意的声音符号系统。

)Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.2.2 Design features p.11—14Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicationA framework was proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett. He specified twelve designfeatures, five of which will be discussed here.1) Arbitrariness （任意性）Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical relationship between meanings and sounds. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) Productivity (创造性)Productivity is unique to human language.3) Duality (双重性)Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which is meaningless.4) Displacement （移位性）Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future or in far-away places. In contrast, no animal communication possess this feature.5) Cultural transmission (文化传递性)While human capacity of language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.Chapter 2 Phonology (音系学)1. The phonic medium of language （语言的声音媒介）p.15—16Speech and writing are the two media or substances used by natural languages as vehicles for communication. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing. For linguists, the study of sounds is of greater importance than that of writing; their dada for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from authentic, everyday speech.2.Phonetics (语音学)2.1 What is phonetics? p.16—17Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.articulatory phonetics (发音语音学)；auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)；acoustic phonetics (声学语音学)Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is articulatory phonetics.2.2 Organs of speech (发音器官) p.17—22The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities: thepharyngeal cavity (咽腔)—the throat, the oral cavity(口腔)—the mouth, and the nasal cavity(鼻腔)—the nose. (人类的发声器官都被包括在三个重要的地方或腔道里；咽腔—即咽喉；口腔—即嘴；和鼻腔—即鼻子。