Invitations to Linguistics1.Give definitions for the following terms:arbitrariness metalanguage phatic communion2.Answer the following questions briefly.1) Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?2) How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? How are they different from each other?3) “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this sentence be expressed “As the wind rose, the night fell”? If not, why? Does this indicate a non-arbitrariness about word order?4)Does the traffic light system have duality, why?5）Is the fact that linguistic signals do not normally serve any other type of purpose, such as feeding, a good reason to consider this (signaling) a unique property of human language?6) List five major functions of language and explain what they mean respectively.Chapter 2 Phonetics1.Answer the following questions briefly.1)Give a brief introduction to phonetics.2)Which of the following words end with voiceless (-V) sounds and which endwith voiced (+V) sounds?A) crash B) bang C) smackD) thud E) wham F) splat3)How do the words surface and service differ phonetically?4) Give 2 examples for each of the following terms:voiced Soundsvoiceless Soundsplosivesfront vowelsdiphthongsNotes: Please remember the Table 2.1 on page 44 and Table 2.3 on page 52.Chapter 3 Phonology3.Give definitions for the following terms:phoneme allophone minimal pairs syllable4.Answer the following questions briefly.1)How are phonetics and phonology related to and different from each other?2)Which segments are most likely to be affected by elision in the pronunciationof the following words?A) postman B) government C) sandwich D) pumpkin3) Mary is washing the dishes. Write 3 different stresses for the sentence andexplain the difference in meaning.4) What’s the difference between an open and a closed syllable?Chapter 4 Words and word-formation processes1.Define the following terms:Lexeme derivation inflection affix loanword acronymment on the following viewpoint briefly: Word is a minimum free form.3. List five word-formation processes.3.Give five examples of onomatopoeic words.4.Give five examples of acronyms.5. Give an inflectional ending to the following words:table open whisper stand book6. Change the word class of the following words using derivations:short prison wise play help7. Give the abbreviations for the following words:advertisementbicyclemathematicsprofessorinformationminivanChapter 5 Morphology1. Define the following terms:morphology morpheme free morpheme bound morpheme allomorph2.List the bound morphemes to be found in these words:misleads; previewer, shorten3. Add an inflectional affix to the following words:run display manage flower part3.Draw a tree diagram to show the relationship among the following terms.morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, bound root, affix, derivational morpheme, inflectional morphemeChapter 6 Syntax1. Define or explain the following terms:syntax, immediate constituent analysis, FSP5.Change the following sentences to be less ambiguous:i.The man is too heavy to move.ii.Flying planes can be dangerous.6.Who distinguished syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? What do they refer torespectively?7.Who put forward the IC analysis? List two problems in IC analysis.8.Who is the most important advocator of transformational-generative grammar?Why is it named transformational-generative grammar?9.IC analysis.Chapter 7 Semantics1. Define or explain the following terms:semantics conceptual meaning reference synonymy antonymy homonymy hyponymy2.Give a brief introduction to the classic semantic triangle.3.Explain the phenomenon of semantic ambiguity with examples.4.What is antonymy? What are the three major types of antonyms?5.What is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words?a. shallow deepb. mature ripec. . table furnitured. single marriede. move run(a. antonymy; b. synonymy; c. hyponymy; d. antonymy; e. hyponymy)Chapter 8 Pragmatics1.How is pragmatics related to and different from semantics?2.Which maxim of CP is violated/flouted respectively in the followingconversations?A: Would you like to come to our party tonight?B: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well today.A: The hostess is an awful bore. Don’t you think?B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they?3.If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?”, he answers “Y es” but does notactually do it, what would you be your reaction? Why? Try to see it in the light of speech act theory.4.What is speech act theory? Give examples to demonstrate it.5.What is CP? How does the violation of its maxim give rise to conversationalimplicatures?Chapter 9 Language, culture and thought1.What is sociolinguistics? When did it become an independent branch oflinguistics?ment on the following sentences: Language marks our identity./ “You arewhat you say.”3.Explain with examples language sexism/linguistic sexism.4.Give an introduction to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.5.What is, in your opinion, the relationship between culture and language? Explainyour viewpoint with examples.。