国际商法概念中英对照
合同法
合同的成立
要件：
●通过要约和承诺达成合意（Agreement）
●当事人具有缔约能力（the legal capacity to contract) ●存在对价（Consideration）或对价（Cause）
●合同形式符合法律规定
●具备合法性
●合意必须真实（Intention of parties）
要约（Offer）
要约人offerer
受要约人offeree
邀请邀约invitation for offer
要约的确定性definiteness
要约人受约束的意旨intention to be bound
特定人specific persons
要约的撤回withdrawal of offer
要约的撤销revocation of offer
确定的要约firm offer
要约的消灭/终止termination
承诺Acceptance
镜像规则mirror image rule
反要约counter offer
承诺生效的时间
英美法：邮箱规则：mailbox rule (发出时有效，有利于受要约人，缩短要约人可撤销要约的时间）
大陆法：德国、合同通则：到达生效原则receipt rule
合同的效力Validity
有效合同legal
无效合同void
可撤销合同avoidable
效力待定/不可强制执行的合同
影响合同效力的因素：
错误mistake：重大误解substantial misunderstanding
欺诈fraud
胁迫duress
显失公平
不正当影响undue influence
不履行（non-performance）
可免责的不履行excused non-performance
不可抗力force majeure/impediment beyond control: 无法控制；无法预见；无法避免；无法克服
重大违约material breach
轻微违约minor breach
预期违约anticipatory breach of contract
违约的救济方式remedies for breach of contract
实际履行specific performance
撤销合同avoidance of the contract
损害赔偿damages
损害的减轻：避免受损害方消极坐等
宽限期grace period
商事组织法
商事组织形式forms of business entities 个人企业individual proprietorship
合伙企业partnership
公司corporation
合伙
连带责任joint and several liabilities
注册申请书application for registration 合伙协议partnership agreement
合伙人身份证明identity paper of partners
接纳新合伙人admission of new partners
解散dissolution
清算liquidation
公司法
独立法人independent legal person
否认公司人格disregarding the corporate entity 揭开公司的面纱piercing the corporate veil
发起人promoter
公司章程articles of association/corporate charter/certificate of incorporation
公司组织大纲memorandum of association
经营范围business scope
公司资本the capital of corporation
注册资本registered capital
授权资本authorized capital
发行资本issued share capital
资本维持maintenance of capital
实缴资本paid-up capital
公司资本的增加/增资raising of capital
公司债debenture
担保公司债/无担保公司债secured/unsecured 记名/无记名公司债registered/unregistered 转换/非转换公司债convertible
公积金reserve funds
法定公积金statutory common reserve
任意公积金discretionary common reserve 普通股common share
优先股preferred stock
期权options
招股说明书prospectus
董事会board of directors
执行董事会the executive board
监事会the supervisory board
独立董事independent directors
股东大会shareholder meeting
表决权voting right
知情和查阅权right to information and inspection
异议股东股份回购请求权appraising right of dissenting shareholders
起诉权right to sue
派生诉讼derivative suits
优先购买权preemptive right
认股/出资义务subscription right
定期会议/年会general meeting/annual meeting
临时大会temporary meeting
普通决议regular resolution
特别决议special resolution
直接投票straight voting
累积投票cumulative voting
委托投票voting by proxy
委托书征集proxy solicitation
信义义务fiduciary duty
忠实义务duty of loyalty
注意义务duty of care
自我交易self-dealing
管理人员薪酬executive compensation
滥用公司资产taking of corporate‘s properties 动机不纯的公司行为corporate action with mixed activities
禁令/说明injunction/declaration
损害赔偿damages/compensation
返还财产restoration of property
撤销合同recession of contracts
利益归入公司accounting for profits。