完成时态瞬间动词变延续性动词规则表延续性动词与终止性动词:动词按其动作发生的方式,动作发生过程的长短,分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示的动词是一种延续的动作,这种动词可以延续下去或产生持久的影响。
如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词,表示的动作不能延续,即动作发生立即结束,产生某种结果。
在有了某种结果之后,就不能再继续下去。
如:leave,start,set out,arrive,reach,get to,begin,stop,shut,turn off,marry,put,put on,get up,wake,fall,join,receive,finish,end,complete,become,come,go,die,close,open,break,give,jump,buy,borrow等。
1.终止性动词的用法1)终止性动词可用来表示某一动作的完成,因此可用于现在完成时。
如:The plane has arrived飞机到了。
I have finished my homework.我已完成了作业。
2)终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续,所以其现在完成时(只限于肯定式)不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:①他死了三年了。
误:He has died for three years.②他来这儿三个月了。
误:he has come here for three months.①②两句中的动词die和come都为终止性动词,它们可用于完成时,但不能同表示一段时间的状语for three years /months连用。
那这两句如何译成英语呢?我们可采用下列方法:A.用能够表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词。
如:①He has been dead for three years.②He has been here for three months.将短暂性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语和一段时间连用,其常用的方法有如下几种:a.用相应的延续性动词替换的主要有:buy→have,borrow→keep,come /go /become→be,catch /get a cold→have a cold,get to know→know等。
b.be+名词:join the Party /League→be a Party /League member,go to school→be a student,join the army→be a soldier等。
c.be+形容词/副词:die→be dead,leave→be away(from),put on→be on,finish /end→be over,begin /start→be on,come→be here /in,fall asleep→be asleep,go out→be out等。
d.be+介词短语:go to school→be in /at school,join the army→be in the army等。
e.去掉短语中的短暂性动词:get to know→know,come to work→work,begin to study→study等。
B.把误句中表示一段时间的状语改为表示过去时间的状语,原动词的完成时改为过去时。
如:①He died three years ago.②He came here three months ago.C.用“It is /has been +一段时间+since(一般过去时)”结构。
如:①It is /has been three years since he died.②It is /has been three months since he came here.D.用“多长时间+has passed +since(一般过去时)”结构。
如:①Three years has passed since he died.②Three months has passed since he came here.3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已成为一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
如:I haven't heard from him for two weeks.我已两个星期没收到他的信了.4)终止性动词的否定式同until一起连用,构成“not...until”结构,意为“直到……才……”,表示这个动作直到until所表达的时间到来时才发生。
如:We won't go to visit the Great Wall until the rain stops.直到雨停了我们才会去参观长城。
—When did you go to bed last night?昨晚你几点钟点上床睡觉的?—I didn't go to bed until my father got home.直到我爸爸到家我才上床睡觉。
5)在while(表示“一段时间”)引导的从句中,不能用终止性动词,但when可以,因为when可表示“时间的点”,也可表示“一段时间”。
如:误:While I got to the village,it was dark.正:When I got to the village,it was dark.6)终止性动词肯定式的完成时不能和how long连用。
如:误:How long have you borrow the book?可改用延续性动词或与when连用的一般过去时。
正:How long have you kept the book?正:When did you borrow the book?2.延续性动词的用法1)延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时可以同一段时间状语连用。
如:I have waited for him for nearly two hours.我等他快两个小时了。
2)终止性动词不能和表一段时间的状语连用。
同样,延续性动词也不能和表示短暂时间的时间点连用。
如:误:It rained at eight yesterday morning.rain为延续性动词,而at eight是表示时间点的状语,显然矛盾。
如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的行为,可以借助come,get,begin 等终止性动词来表达。
上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.3)在until引导的时间状语从句中,若主句的谓语动词是持续性动词,既可以用肯定形式,也可以用否定形式,但句子含义不同。
试比较:She listened to the radio until her father came back.她一直听收音机到她父亲回来。
She didn't listen to the radio until her father came back.直到她父亲回来才听收音机。
【强化训练】(1)My brother ____ the Youth League for two years.A.has been in B.has entered C.has taken part in D.has joined in ⑵—____have you been away from home?—(I have been away from home)For five years.A.How much B.What time C.How long D.When(3)The meeting ____ for five hours.A.has finished B.has ended C.has been over D.has stopped (4)When Jack arrived,he and Mary______ for almost an hour.A.had gone B.had set off C.had left D.had been away(5)The baby ____ for eleven hours.A.fell asleep B.has fallen asleep C.has got to sleep D.has been asleep(6)While I ____ Beijing,it was raining very hard.A.got to B.reached C.arrived in D.visited(7)—How long have you ____ ?—Since two years ago.A.fallen ill B.been ill C.left home D.married(8)—What was the party like?—Wonderful.It's years ____ I enjoyed myself so much.A.after B.when C.before D.since(9)—It is weeks since he ____ .—So it is.We'd better ask someone else to help us.A.fell ill B.was ill C.is ill D.has been ill(10)I'll lend you my book,but you can only__it for three days.A.borrow B.keep C.take D.got。