The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a profession: The first interpreting school was set up in 1950 in Geneva, Switzerland; AIIC, the International Association of Conference Interpreters, was founded on Nov. 11, 1953 with its Secretariat in Geneva.
b. Dissimilarities The Other Basic Requirements for Interpreters
(1) Acute hearing (to grasp the meaning) (2)A good command of idioms, slang and proverbs, as well as register & appropriateness. (3)Phonetic competence (accent, intonation, stress and rhythms) & public speaking skills (4) Outstanding memory and note-taking ability (5) psychological competence: quick-witted, calm, resourceful (avoid panic and stage fright)
Interpreter’s knowledge structure

KI=KL+EK+S(P+AP) 译员应该掌握的知识 =双语知识+百科知识 +技 能(职业口译技能 +艺术表达技能 ) KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter KL=Knowledge for language EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge S（P+AP）= Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills

2.2 The Types of Interpreting
1) In terms of form: consecutive interpretation, Differences simultaneous interpretation, sight interቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱretation

At present, only 10-15% of interpreting in the UN and EU and general international conference is done in CI. In CI, since the interpreter does not start interpreting until the original speaker has stopped, the interpreter has time to analyze the message as a whole. therefore, a higher standard of accuracy, completeness and logic can be accomplished.
* Encyclopedic knowledge * Knowledge relating to the subject matter * Cross-cultural awareness * Strong sense of responsibility and good professional ethics

The oldest and youngest profession.
Two historical events stimulated the development of the profession. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919; The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals in 1945–46.
Similarities and dissimilarities between translating and interpreting 1)In terms of medium & working environment & time limit: Translation Interpreting
INTERPRETING
Unit One A General Introduction
Today’s Main Teaching Content
1. A general introduction to interpreting 2. A general introduction to this course and the requirements of the course 3. A general introduction to interpreting tests in China
written fairly relaxing
has certain time limits
oral on the spot
spontaneous
2) In terms of process a. Similarities: input → comprehension → output
b. Differences: * Interpreting: receive information → decode → memorize → encode → expression
Interpreting : accuracy and fluency Translation: faithfulness, smoothness and gracefulness
4) In terms of the requirements of translators and interpreters a. Similarities: * Language skills
2. An Introduction to Interpreting
2.1 The Definition of Interpreting
Interpreting is where an interpreter takes a spoken message in one language and repeats it in another.
Between the two World Wars, consecutive interpreting had predominant status.




The first attempt to introduce SI was made shortly before the Second World War. SI was first patented as a technique by IBM in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at Geneva in a tentative form in 1927 and, on a larger scale, in the former USSR in 1928 for the Sixth Congress of Comintern. However, it was during the Nuremberg trials of the Nazi war criminals, which were conducted in English, French, Russian, and German that real full-scale simultaneous interpretations was first used. From 1947 onward, simultaneous interpretation had come to stay at the United Nations.

1. Introduction to Interpreting Course
To think about: 1) what is translation? 2) what is interpretation? 3) what's the difference between them? ( Compared with translation, what is the difficulty in interpreting?)

In the years after the Second World War, with the establishment of the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many other international organs, there was a growing need for new interpreters to join the ranks of the first generation of highly skilled but untrained conference interpreters.



In the headquarters of the EU in Luxembourg and Brussels, most of the meeting rooms are facilitated with eleven booths for eleven languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Greek, Dutch, Portuguese, Finnish, Swedish and Danish). The Official languages of the United Nations are the six languages that are used in UN meetings, and in which all official UN documents are written, including: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish Several training institutions were founded in Europe. Since then the training institutions for conference interpreter have sprung all over the world.