• as shown by fossil bones
• 50,000 BC: Cro-Magnons (“Mentally Modern”)
• as shown by archaeology
• 8,000 BC: First signs of settled life • 4,000 BC: Written record begins
Tierra del Fuego in less than 1000 years.
– Mass extinction of large land mammals
The Pace of Civilization
• 10,000 BC: End of last Ice Age
• Humans had reached every habitable area. • Everyone has roughly the same lifestyle: hunter-
[See tables: Earliest Domestication of Animals/Plants]
Natural Resource: Animals
[Table of Domesticated Animals] • Uses??
– food, clothing, hunting, transportation, traction
• Lived as hunter gatherers. • No evidence of farming/herding before
Holocene.
Arriving in The New World
• “Clovis” people
– Broke from Mongoloid population living in Siberia. – Already adapted to arctic conditions
gatherer.
• 1400-1600 AD: European Expansion
• Guns vs. Spears
• Why did civilization proceed so much faster in some parts of the world than in others?
• And what does this tell us about civilization?
human civilization.
When Did Human History Happen?
[See Timeline]
• 200,000 BC: Split from all other Homonid species
• 100,000 BC: Anatomically Modern Humans
>15,000 BC 8,000 BC 8,000 BC 8,000 BC 7,500 BC 6,000 BC 6,000 BC 4,000 BC 4,000 BC 4,000 BC 3,500 BC 3,500 BC 3,500 BC 2,500 BC 1,000 BC
Ice Core Sample
Early Miபைடு நூலகம்ration of Humans
Early Migration of Humans
[See Migration Map]
• Long before the last Ice Age, people were already spread out through most of Eurasia, Africa, and Australia.
• [Necessary for domestication:]
– Pack behavior – dominance heirarchy – Able to live in dense groups – Willing to breed in captivity – Usually herbivorous – Usually relatively large (>50 lbs) (often the same animals you’d hunt)
Who Had What, and Why?
• Mesopotamia • Egypt • Indus River • China • Mesoamerica • Andes • hunter-gatherers:
– Southern Africa – Australia / New Guinea – Northern / Western Europe – North Asia
• Entered North/South America via land-bridge on Bering Strait.
• Exact timing is known because of “airlock” effect. • Tremendous boom! Spread from Alaska to
– Luck-of-the-Draw or Mass Extinction – Why weren’t Old World animals hunted to extinction?
Earliest Domestication of Animals
Dog Sheep Goat Pig Silkworm Cow Cat Horse Donkey Water buffalo Turkey Llama/Alpaca Guinea Pig Camel Chicken
A History of Human Civilization
Jeff Feasel 17 Feb 2006
What we’ll learn
• Brief overview of human history. • What does the archeological record show? • Discuss which factors contributed to
• [No new animals domesticated until after the Industrial Revolution.] • Compare New World to Old World. • Why such an imbalance of useful domesticatable animals available?