第八章Section B Systems Theory：the Basics①A system is an organized structure of matter and energy existing in a dimension of time and space.More than a collection of parts, once organized’the system has properties that are not present when the parts are separate.一个系统是物质和能量的组织结构存在于一个维度的时间和空间。
超过一个收集的部分,曾经组织的系统特性,不存在时,这部分是分开的。
All things can be viewed as systems and/or as part of a system，composed of systems and interfacing with other systems.Systems show a circular and cyclic quality to their functioning.Certain principles apply to all systems while other principles are unique to specific types of systems.All are interconnected and affect other systems to varying degrees.All systems are constantly changing and are in dynamic balance with each other.任何事情都可以视为系统和/或作为一个系统,由系统与其他系统和接口。
系统显示一个圆形和循环质量的功能。
某些原则适用于所有其他原则系统,独特的具体类型的系统。
都是相互联系和影响其他系统不同程度。
所有系统不断在改变,在彼此的动态平衡。
Some basic concepts are：•A system contains a structure of organized components of different types.• No system exists in isolation.A system interfaces with other systems that may be of a similar or different type.•一个系统包含一个有组织的结构成分的不同类型。
••系统并不孤立地存在的。
一个系统与其他系统的接口,可以是具有相同或不同的类型。
• The functioning of a system affects multiple other systems and is effected by multiple other systems.• With the possible exception of the universe and the smallest component of energy or matter,all systems are components of larger systems and are composed of smaller systems.•的功能系统影响多个其他系统和受多个其他系统。
••除了可能宇宙和最小能量或物质的组成部分,所有系统的部件组成的大型系统,小系统。
•The constant interaction between systems results in a constant state of change.• When a system remains stable while there are changes in other systems,it is in a state of balance.Balance is a fundamental concept in nature.•不断互动系统结果在不断变化的状态。
••当一个系统是稳定而有变化在其他系统中,它是一种平衡状态。
平衡是一个基本概念在自然。
•Time is a significant dimension and different effects occur over time.• A system exerts a feed—forward effect upon a second system. This effect may be stimulatory(positive)or inhibitory(negative).The second system may then exert a feedback effect on the first•yslem, which may be either stimulatory or inhibitory.•时间是一个重要的尺寸和不同的影响随时间发生。
••系统施加一个饲料-前锋第二系统的影响。
这种现象可能一些刺激性(积极的)或抑制(消极的)。
第二个系统可以产生反馈效应在第一•yslem,这可能是一些刺激性或抑制。
•Modulation occurs when the feedback or feed-forward is a complex combination of different positive and negative effects.•调制时,就会发生反馈或前馈是一个复杂的组合不同的正面和负面影响。
Systems have evolved over time.When we look at the structure of a system,it may appear illogical.As we study the history of how systems have evolved,the current and future structure and functioning of systems are better understood.系统随着时间发展的。
当我们看一个系统的结构,会出现不合逻辑的。
因为我们要学习如何系统的历史发展,当前和未来的系统结构及运作方式,更好地理解。
The combination of a systems and evolutionary approach allow us to organize current information in a much more efficient manner.Such an approach is equally effective for astrophysics,biology,psychology,sociology etc.结合系统与进化的方法让我们组织现有的信息以更有效的方式。
这种方法同样有效的天体物理学、生物学、心理学、社会学等To acquire a valid theory of human functioning,we need to understand observations of human functioning in relation to internal and external systems.An understanding of systems theory,history and the specifics of any given system allow us to understand and therefore better predict the outcome of an event. Even with such an approach,there are limits to our ability to understand and predict.获得一个有效的理论,人类的机能,我们需要理解人类的机能的观察与内部和外部的系统。
了解系统理论、历史和细节的任何系统使我们能够了解并因此更好的预测结果的一个事件。
即使使用这种方法,这也限制了我们的能力去理解和预测。
Since systems are very complex and impacted by an infinite number of other systems9we can never attain total predictability of effects.Such a view is an open systems model.In contrast,aclosed system model assumes that a finite number of variables impact an outcome,therefore,outcome is totally predictable.An open system model still affords us some capacity to predict.We can create a Uerarchy of the system variables that appear to have greatest impact upon an event.When we organize dttse variables,it improves our statistical capacity to predict although we are never able to attain total predictability因为系统非常复杂,受无限数量的其他系统9我们永远也不能达到总可预见性的效果。
这样的一种观点是一个开放的系统模型。
相反,一个封闭系统模型假定一个有限的变量数目的影响结果的,因此,结果是完全可预测的。
一个开放的系统模型还提供我们一些能力来预测。
我们能创造一个Uerarchy的系统变量,似乎有最大影响一个事件。
当我们组织dttse变量,它可以改善我们的统计能力来预测虽然我们没能达到总可预见性Every event is caused by a sequence of other events.The last causative event is the proximate cause,however more distant events may be more significant than the final proximate cause.It is helpful to understand the sequence of events since each stage is a potential intervention point.• An event is the result of a sequence of events over time between or within systems and causes multiple events in othersystems.每件事情都是引起一连串的事件。