在管理信息系统中我们的工作有关信息系统的相关介绍：1.什么是管理信息系统？管理信息系统领域的研究起始于上世纪80年代早期。
那个时候在最终用户和技术开发人员（比如：程序员）之间存在着沟通问题。
管理信息系统主要考虑的是这样三个关键词（管理，信息和系统），这三个关键字之间存在着很强的牵连关系。
管理：管理信息中的管理资源包括人、机器（如技术和计算机）、资金和时间等等。
在管理信息系统中你必须把下面这三个管理要素联系在一起来考虑，这三个要素是：效力、效率和收益性。
·效力-一个公司怎么才能更好的实现他们所要达到的商业目的呢；有这样一个例子：提供高质量的产品和服务水平可以被示为一个商业目标，这个通常作为一个公司的使命来阐述的，此外还有目标管理（MBO）等等。
·效率-也就是说把资源最好的利用起来，在公司中所有支出和所有收入相除得出的就是生产力。
一般来说生产力是通过输出对输入的比例来衡量的。
这里，输出就象征着收入和市场共享等等。
同样输入象征着劳动力、原始材料、行政的花费、周转的成本和跟IT 有关的花费。
·收益性-在信息系统文学中经验的学习被报道这对管理者的信心起着相反的作用，在这之前和之后，新开发的信息系统的执行就利用率方面而言并没有存在很大的不同。
换句话说，就是新的信息系统不再对所有的增长产生很大的收益。
一般来说，在商业中一般有着下划线的文字就是收益的代表。
如果不加强收益性的重要性，那么什么才是我们要去克服所有的困难去开发并完成一个新的信息系统的要点呢？使用IT并不一定能够解决好所有的商业情形。
不管什么时候一个新的IT或者一个新的信息系统的被执行的情况下、都会招致一些附加的花费。
这些花费包括硬件花费、软件花费、培训花费、维护花费等等。
因此，对成本利益的分析应该对于一个新系统的执行处于一个优先的地位。
信息：信息跟计算机是相关联的，同时也涉及到一门学科。
对于信息来说数据就是资源。
如果这些数据在用一个特定的方法来处理的话，他们就成为了“信息”在IT业这是能够实现的。
如果数据经过适当的处理的话，信息能够很容易的通过计算机（IT）来提取。
因此，在MIS中的第二个字母就象征着IT和COMPUTER。
当然，信息也能够通过简单的方法来获取，比如通过办事员手工的资料排架的一些方法。
在数据处理方面用计算机来进行处理的确的要比过去的那些方法更有效。
系统：如果开发了一个好的信息系统，通过系统的自我运行能够帮助人民减少一些必要的商业进程。
系统来自于系统理论，提升系统的重要性会更接近于问题的解决并用一个介质化的方法去适应和控制自动化。
在系统开发进程中电脑程序和软件工程人员/开发人员已经意识到这是唯一一种能够在以后的开发过程中尽可能减少错误的方法。
当你开发出一个新的好的系统被用于正确的商业操作和决策处理，你不想要开发一个基于正确商业方法的电脑程序。
你也可以在对当前的系统进行仔细的分析以后来开发一个新的模型。
所以为以后尽可能的避免错误/失误的发生应该保存好这些资源信息。
因此，商业进程的在处理就如同一个没有一个声音理解系统理论和观念。
管理信息系统是一个科学的领域，它主要研究以下几点内容（1）这样才能更好的管理技术（2）怎样才能更好的设计信息系统，以便能够增强企业的效力、效率和收益性。
管理信息系统在过去10到15年作为一个新的学科产生了。
这个思想一直被研究着，直到概念得到了进一步的发展。
在这个类型的课题中由于一个老师的见解产生了一个很重要的影响。
管理信息系统中特定的分类1 .系统计划2 .系统开发3 .系统回顾和提高4 .特殊的计算机应用系统计划--简单的计划编制，分布式处理系统，系统的组织，管理和全体人员的开发和培训和一些新技术的应用。
系统开发--系统可行性研究学习和价值利益分析，系统详细发展的说明书，设备的选择和配置，软件的获取/技术上的规划管理，帮助的执行，文档和用户的培训。
系统回顾和提高--信息处理要求的重新估计，完整计算机信息系统的运行效率的审查。
硬件/软件性能评估和微调，估价和应用程序效率的提高，支柱生产力，数据处理的操作，系统发展的学习和测试程序的环境，安全性和可靠性。
特殊的计算机应用--生产计划和时序安排，详细目录控制，资源模型，信息恢复和分析，进程控制，科学和工程学的应用。
接近管理信息系统的设计所有的现代组织的特点在于对管理信息的需要。
不管怎么说这个需要是可见的，在一个合理的成本的条件下从简单的口头报告系统到复杂的用计算机处理的系统，如果这个信息倘若是归应于有效的管理某些基本的原理必须要遵守。
管理信息必须是适时的，精确的并且符合一定的形式的，这有助于自身的决策的发展。
就成本获取的，在决策过程中它必须不能超过它自身的价值。
皇家陆军学院认为一个信息系统必须有计划的去考虑客户交易的本性，组织的结构和系统用户管理的风格。
一旦有唯一的数据，数据的处理应该被获取并且通过那些发起它和最熟知它的人是更合适的。
这个意思就是说信息系统必须通过对微系统操作员的训练进行简单的连接，并且必须有助于对输入错误的发现和修正。
在信息系统设计中我们的目标是在最小的操作成本和执行中断时去提供最大的伸缩性和系统的能力的开发。
系统执行审查一旦已经确定了，一个信息系统被定时性地审查是为了去确认它，这就必须尽其可能地、高效率地和有效地执行所有的任务。
组织的成长，增加的营业额，在商业环境的变化情况下，技术的改进和近期所设想的信息要求的增长要求存在一个信息系统并且经常根据一个特别的依据促使他们被修改或被扩大。
我们的职员有专业的技能和经验，在现有的信息系统和设计，设备，软件和规程上的推荐变化去执行一次详尽的审计，以便带来最新的表现。
一个信息系统审计应该每三年执行一次，或者当处理容量看上去被劳损和升级设施是被考虑在内的。
典型的分配作为圭亚那健康区段政策和协会发展方案一部分由IADB 资助, RMC 设计了财政MIS/会计系统为医疗保健交付在国民地方水平和为主要深刻关心设施在乔治城。
作为特立尼达& 多巴哥卫生部IS/IT战略上的打算回顾。
IS/IT的评估是质量管理董事会上的要求，并且一个被推荐的计划谈到多年来IADB用一千三百五十万美元来资助的健康的区段来进行改革，这导致一个全国健康情报中心的创立并且使它成为在这个国家的主要医学科学升级中心。
一位资深的校长在一年期间的临时外调是也是办公室管理的计划，这样一个小的系统是Ontario Ministry of Health的健康计划。
PMO的宗旨是将设计的基础设施去交付于一个好的系统产品和服务；通过对技术的使用去建立未来的标准和政策，推荐管理，财务和安全策略；这取决健康区段和技术的合作者的共同努力，并且通过了卫生部提出卫生政策问题。
在这个项目的开发大约有80个专家包括三个来自RMC的专家。
在RMC的技术中，作为到爱沙尼亚/ 世界银行健康项目的顾问，几个信息系统被开发并且在爱沙尼亚语部为项目协调单位实施了社会事务。
这些有：1.一个全面项目会计学系统，他能适用于所有的财政报告的要求。
2.一个项目管理系统可以去促进计划，项目任务预定和实行进展监视。
这个系统日程表和监视器计划作为获取的行为表现，预定和成本控制。
3.公司附属的数据库外形对起初的指南作用对于开发一个全面的信息系统提供广泛的信息要求并联合了爱沙尼亚的未来健康财务系统。
相似与爱沙尼亚项目，为乔治亚洲世界健康项目所管理；并且成为阿尔巴尼亚世界银行健康项目。
作为RMC的工作的一部分劝告波兰在调整他们的卫生业务，我们的专业人员协助卫生部和社会保障开发信息系统战略和确定适当计算机硬件和软件的要求。
在全国和地方的水平，我们的工作范围包括建立MIS，计划和监视卫生业务的交付。
在这个制度的水准上，我们的工作包括为计算机系统的发展获取一个综合规划。
RMC为了UGANDAN卫生部根据国民和区健康信息需求设计了一个用计算机处理的健康管理信息系统的全面的公文包。
这包括的系统会集合处理的数据资源并分析公共卫生状态和计划纲要，服务和资源需求并实行有效率的监测和医疗保健交付系统的费用，并且支持研究与发展的主动性。
一个综合的医疗保健规划系统和相关计划模型的概念的设计如同这个项目的副产物也同样被开发了。
RMC在交付巴哈马的医疗保健服务后分析了现有的会计管理信息系统，然后设计和创始一个为卫生部和二家医院改良的，联合的计算机化的会计管理信息系统的执行计划。
在修改反映的BAHAMIAN环境前，RMC为MIS开发了基于加拿大健康协会的生产力标准的MIS指南，。
RMC与不列颠哥伦比亚省, 安大略和新四科舍通过计算机的协助计划和亚伯大医院就卫生保健进行了密切的合作。
第一阶段的可行性研究估计了范围，准备发展一个以计算机为主的工具来推动所有的初步设计和功能方案的涵义。
第二阶段包括软件和硬件发展的需求。
附件：2.外文原文Our Work In Management Information SystemsINTRODUCTION TO MISWhat is "Management Information Systems (MIS)"?Field Began in Early 80s MIS bridges the gap between end-users and technical staffs (e.g. programmers) Consider the three key words (management, information, & systems) that have significant implications:Management:Managing resources that include people, machinery (technology and computers),money, and time, etc. You have to consider three managerial factors together in MIS: effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.Effectiveness – how well a firm is pursuing a goal or objective of its business; for instance, providing quality product/service can be a business goal that is usually stated in a firm's mission statement; Management by objective (MBO), etc.Efficiency – best use of resources, a synonym is productivity = output divided by input. Productivity is measured in general by a ratio of OUTPUT to INPUT. Here, output indicates revenue, market share, etc., while input indicates labor, raw materials, administrative costs, operations costs, and IT related costs.Profitability - The empirical studies in the IS literature have reported that on the contrary to the management's belief, there exists no significant difference in the profitability between before and after the new IS implementation. In other words, the new IS does not make significant profitability increase whatsoever. In general, the bottom line in any business is the profitability. If it does not enhance the profitability, then what is a point to go through all the trouble to develop/implement a new IS? Using IT is not the perfect solution for every business situation. Whenever a new IT or information systems (IS) are implemented, additional costs incur. They can be costs related to hardware, software, training, maintenance, etc. Therefore, the cost-benefit analysis should be conducted prior to a new systems implementation.InformationRelates to the computer; refers to knowledge. Data are a source for the information. If the data are processed in a meaningful way, they become "information." Here, IT can contribute. Information can be extracted easily through IT (e.g. computer) if data are properly processed. Therefore, the second word in M.I.S. indicates IT or computer. Of course, information can be obtained by a primitive way such as manual sorting, etc. by a clerk. Using IT definitely outperform any other means in history, in terms of processing data.SystemsIf a nice system is made, it is self-running which leads to reducing the people necessary to the business process. Systems Theory, Systems approach Systematically doing business Systems comes from systems theory that stresses the importance of systems approach to problem solvingand a structured way to control and adjust automatically. Computer programmers and software engineers/developers realized it was only way to reduce a possibility of encountering errors later in the systems development process. When you construct a new/better system for the current business operations/decision-making process, you don't want to make a computer program based on the current business way. Instead, you develop a new model after serious analysis of the current system, so later can save resource in terms of time and money by avoiding a possible mistake/error. Therefore, business process reengineering (BPR) is unthinkable without a sound understanding of systems theory/concepts.MIS is a field of science that studies on (1) how better we can manage technologies (2) how better we can design information systems, in order to enhance a firm's effectiveness, efficiency and profitability.MIS is a new subject in the last ten to fifteen years. The idea is still being researched since the concept is being evolved. A teacher's bias has a large impact on this type of subject. Classification of Specialties in MIS•Systems Planning•Systems Development•Systems Review and Enhancement•Special Computer ApplicationsSystems Planning - facilities planning, distributed processing systems, systems organization, management and staff development and training, and application of new technologies.Systems Development - feasibility study and cost benefit analysis, development of detailed system specifications, equipment selection and configuration, software procurement / technical supervision of programming, implementation assistance, documentation and user training.Systems Review and Enhancement - re-evaluation of information processing requirements, complete information system productivity audits, hard-ware/software performance evaluation and fine tuning, assessment and improvement of application program efficiency, staff productivity, data processing operations, studies of system development and testing procedures, environment, security and reliability.Special Computer Applications - production planning and scheduling, inventory control,re-source allocation, transportation and distribution logistics, least-cost formulation, personnel planning and administration, project management/control, system simulation, corporate models, information retrieval and analysis, process control, scientific and engineering applications.Our Approach to MIS DesignAll modern organizations are characterized by the need for management information. However this need is met, from the simplest verbal reporting system to the most sophisticated computerized system, certain basic principles must be observed if the information provided is to contribute to effective management, at a reasonable cost. Management information must betimely, accurate and in a format that lends itself to decision making. The cost of obtaining it must not exceed its value in the decision making process.RMC believes that an information system must be designed to take account of the nature of the client's business, the structure of the organization and the managerial styles of the system users. Data to be processed should be captured once only - and preferably by those who originate it and are most familiar with it. This means that the information system must be geared for simple yet efficient use by operators with minimal system training, and must facilitate input error detection and correction. Our goals in information system design are to provide maximum flexibility and growth capacity for the system while minimizing operating costs and implementation disruptions.System Performance AuditOnce established, an information system must be audited periodically to ensure that it is performing all the tasks required of it as efficiently and effectively as possible. Growth of the organization, increased volume of business, changes in the business environment, technological changes and newly conceived information requirements all place increased demands on existing information systems and often cause them to be modified or extended on an ad hoc basis.Our staff has the specialized skills and experience to perform a thorough audit on existing information systems and to recommend changes in design, equipment, software and procedures, to bring them up-to-date and to peak performance.An information system audit should be performed every three years, or when processing capacity appears to be strained and upgrading of facilities is being considered.Typical AssignmentsAs part of the Guyana Health Sector Policy and Institutional Development Program funded by IADB, RMC designed a financial MIS/accounting system for health care delivery at the national/regional level and for the principal acute care facility in Georgetown.IS/IT Strategic Planning Review for the Trinidad & Tobago Ministry of Health. Assessment of the IS/IT requirements of the Directorate of Quality Management, and a recommended course of action with respect to the multi-year $135 million IADB funded Health Sector Reform Program leading to the establishment of a National Health Information Centre and the coordination of IS/IT upgrades for the principal medical sciences centre in the country.Secondment of a Senior Principal for a one year period to be the Director of the Project Management Office (PMO) of a Smart Systems for Health project of the Ontario Ministry of Health. The objectives for the PMO was to design infrastructure to deliver Smart System products and services; establish standards and policy for the future use of the technology; recommend governance, financing and security policies; coordinate efforts of health sector and technology partners; and raise health policy issues for determination by the Ministry of Health. About 80 professionals, including three from RMC were involved during the course of the project.In RMC's capacity as Advisors to the Estonia / World Bank Health Project, several information systems were developed and implemented for the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at the Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs. These included:a comprehensive project accounting system to address all of the financial reporting requirements.a project management system to facilitate the planning, scheduling and progress monitoring of project tasks. This system schedules and monitors project procurement activities for performance, scheduling and cost control.Corporate Subject Database Profiles to serve as the initial guide for developing a comprehensive information system to support the broad information requirements associated with Estonia's future health financing system.Similar to the Estonia project, an assignment was conducted for the Republic of Georgia World Band Health Project; and for the Albania World Bank Health Project.As part of RMC's work advising Poland on restructuring its health services, our professional staff assisted the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to develop an information systems strategy and determine appropriate computer hardware and software requirements. At the national and regional levels, the scope of our work included establishing MIS for planning and monitoring the delivery of health services. At the institutional level, our work covered the development of a comprehensive program for the acquisition of computer systems.RMC designed a comprehensive portfolio of computerized health management information systems for the Ugandan Ministry of Health to support national and district health information needs. This included systems to gather and manage data resources; analyze the public's health status; plan the program, service and resource requirements; monitor the effectiveness, cost and efficiency of the health care delivery systems; and support research and development initiatives. Conceptual design of an integrated health care planning system and related planning models was also developed as a by-product of this project.RMC analyzed the existing accounting and management information system for the delivery of health care services in the Bahama s, then designed and initiated an implementation program of an improved, integrated, computerized accounting and management information system for the Ministry of Health and the two hospitals. RMC also developed productivity standards for the MIS based on the Canadian Health Association's MIS guidelines, modified to reflect the Bahamian environment.RMC worked jointly with the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia on computer assisted planning for Alberta Hospitals and Medical Care. The Phase 1 feasibility study assessed extent, costs and implications of developing a computer-based tool to facilitate all pre-design and functional planning. Phase 2 included development of software and hardware requirements.。