Osteoarthritis
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Osteoarthritis (OA) also known as degenerative arthritis or degenerative joint disease, is a group of mechanical abnormalities involving degradation of joints ,including articular cartilage and subchondral bone.
当骨表面的软骨保护不良时，骨面就会暴露损伤。导致少量活动就会 引起继发性疼痛、区域肌肉萎缩以及韧带松弛。



Atrophy [‘ætrəfɪ] n. 萎缩;发育停止;虚脱
Lax [læ ks] a. 松弛的;质地松的
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Causes
Some investigators believe that mechanical stress on joints underlies all osteoarthritis, with many and varied sources of mechanical stress, including misalignments of bones caused by congenital or pathogenic causes; mechanical injury; overweight; loss of strength in muscles supporting joints; and impairment of peripheral nerves, leading to sudden or uncoordinated movements that overstress joints. 一些研究者认为，关节上各种机械应力包括先天的和病原造成的移位 是基于退行性关节炎的；机械损伤，超重，维持关节的肌肉的损害和末梢神 经的损害导致突发的或者不协调的移动，加重关节承载。 Misalignment [misə'laɪnmənt] n.移位 pathogenic [,pæθə'dʒɛnɪk] a. 致病的 病原的 Peripheral [pə'rɪfər əl] a. 体表的;(神经)末梢的

骨性关节炎又称退行性关节炎或退行性关节病，是关于关节毁坏 的一系列机械性异常，涉及关节软骨和软骨下骨。 Degenerative [di'dʒenərətiv] a. 退化的;变质的 Cartilage [‘kɑ:tilidʒ] n. 软骨 Nhomakorabea
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Symptoms may include joint pain, tenderness, stiffness, and sometimes an effusion. 症状包括关节疼痛、压痛、僵硬、 有时有积液。 Stiffness ['stifnis] n.僵硬;生硬
sibling [ ‘s i b l i ŋ ] n.兄弟姐妹 identical twins 同卵双胞胎
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Signs and symptoms
The main symptom is pain, causing loss of ability and often stiffness. OA can cause a crackling noise when the affected joint is moved or touched, and patients may experience muscle spasm and contractions in the tendons. Occasionally, the joints may also be filled with fluid.
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epidemiology
A number of studies have shown that there is a greater prevalence of the disease among siblings and especially identical twins, indicating a hereditary basis. 大量研究表明：兄弟姐妹尤其是同卵双胞胎之间疾病普 遍存在，这是遗传的基础。
主要症状是疼痛、造成功能的丧失，常常伴有僵直。当受影响的关 节移动或者触摸时，退行性关节炎可引起一连串的噼啪声，病人可能会 出现肌肉痉挛和肌腱挛缩。偶尔，关节也会有大量液体。
Crackling [ ‘kræklɪŋ ] n.连续的爆裂声 Spasm [‘spæzm] n. 痉挛,抽搐 contraction [kən‘trækʃən] n.收缩,挛缩
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Diagnosis
The typical changes seen on X-ray include: joint space narrowing, subchondral sclerosis (increased bony formation around the joint), subchondral cyst formation, and osteophytes.
A variety of causes—hereditary, developmental, metabolic, and mechanical—may initiate processes leading to loss of cartilage . 遗传、发育、代谢和机械等各种因素均有可能影响软骨损伤 的过程。 Hereditary [hə‘rɛdə,tɛrɪ] a.遗传的
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When bone surfaces become less well protected by cartilage, bone may be exposed and damaged. As a result of decreased movement secondary to pain, regional muscles may atrophy, and ligaments may become more lax.