2013年上海各区高考二模试卷汇编第五卷：简答题虹口区The poverty line is the minimum inc ome that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem.As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. Therefore, even with today‟s relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs.For one thing, more than half of the poor p eople in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. And over 10 percent of the poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age.Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation(动力),they have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job.Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways.First, if the national economy grows, businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment. Then they will no longer be below the poverty line.Second, if society invests in the poor, the poor will become more productive. If the government spends money on social programs, education, and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer. Then it is more likely that they can find jobs.Finally, if the government distributes society‟s income differently, it raises some poor peo ple above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare. In 2010 over 18 million people in the United States received welfare.Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem. However, at the present time, many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. What does the poverty line in a country change with?_______.82. Most of the American poor people are not qualified for employment because _______.83. In order for t he poor to have the skills to offer, the government must invest in _______.84. How do those below the poverty line enjoy the existing welfare from the government?Keys:81. The general standard of livin g82. they are too young or too old (to work)83. social programs, education, and training for poor peopl e84. They receive / get money collected from the rich / non-poor.黄浦区Relations between the United States and Spain were not very good in 1898. On February 15, a battleship called the USS Maine blew up and sank in the harbor at Havana, Cuba. More than 260 Americans were killed. Many Americans thought that Spanish saboteurs (破坏者) had set an underwater mine that caused the explosion.Witnesses and survivors had different versions of what happened. Some said that they heard two explosions. It was discovered that the magazine—which is a storage place for arms, ammunition(军火), and explosives—had exploded. Questions were raised about what caused the first explosion. Did the first explosion come from outside the ship, causing the magazine to explode? Or, did something on the ship blow up the magazine?Other witnesses said that there was only one explosion. If they are right, then what on the ship caused the magazine to explode? A theory supporting the two-explosion version was that rebels from Cuba had caused the explosion. The rebels were aware of the bad feelings between the United States and Spain. They would have been willing to cause trouble between the nations to bring an end to Spanish rule in Cuba.The United States government issued an ultimatum(最后通牒) to the Spanish government to end its occupation of Cuba. When Spanish officials refused, Congress and President William McKinley declared war on Spain. The war did not last long, because the United Sates forced an early surrender.More than 100 years after the explosion of Maine, the cause of the explosion is still unknown.Many questions remain. If an attack from outside the ship caused the magazine to explode, why didn‟t witnesses see a splash in the water? Why were there no dead fish in the water if there was an external explosion?With the mystery still unsolved, the question of what really happened to the USS Maine may never be answered.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81. On February 15, 1898，more than 260 Americans lost their lives because of __________ .82. According to the passage, the “magazine” was used to _________.83. According to the two-explosion version, what‟s the probable purpose of the Cuban rebels to causethe explosion?84.What‟s the main topic of the passage?Keys:81. the explosion and sinking of the USS Maine82. store arms, ammunition, and explosives83. To cause trouble and end the Spanish rule/occupation.84. The Mystery of the USS Maine. / The (possible) causes of the USS Maine‟s Explosion闵行区For anyone who is determined to be a fashion designer, it is not enough to have succeeded in college. The real test is whether they can survive, and become established during their early 20s, making a name for themselves in the real world where business skills can be as important as creativity.Fashion is a hard business. There is a continuous amount of stress because work is at a constant and extremely fast speed to prepare for the next season‟s collections. It is extremely competitive and there is the constant need to make attractive advertisements of the latest fashion in newspapers and magazines. It also requires continual freshness because the appetite for new ideas is hard to satisfy. “We try to warn people before they come to us about how tough it is.” says Lydia Kemeny, the Head of Fashion at St. Martin‟s School of Art in London. “And we point out that drive and determination are absolutely necessary.”This may seem far removed from the popular opinions of fashionable young people spending their time designing pretty dresses. That may well be what they do in their first year of study but a good college won‟t be slow in introducing students to commercial realities. “We don‟t walk our foot on the blossoming flower of creativity but in the second year we start introducing the restrictions of price, producing ability, marketing and so on.”Almost all fashion design is done to a brief. It is not a form of self-expression as such, although there is certainly room for imagination and creativity. Most young designers are going to end up as employees of a producer or a fashion house and they still need to be able to work within the employers‟characteristic style. Even those who are most modern in their own taste of clothes may need to producedesigns which are right for the mainstream of market. They also have to be able to work at both the expensive and the cheap end of the market and the challenge to produce good design inexpensively may well be demanding.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12 WORDS.)81. What are equally important if a fashion designer wants to be successful?82. Why does a fashion designer have to be creative?83. Besides learning to design beautiful dresses, students are also taught _______________.84. According to the last paragraph, ____________________ are the two things fashion designers haveto consider when working as employees.Keys:81. Business skills and creativity.82. Because consumers‟ needs keep changing / the appetite for new ideas is hard to satisfy.83. commercial realities / the restrictions of price, producing ability, marketing84. the employers‟ characteristic style and the mainstream of market.徐汇区It is estimated that around of the approximately six thousand languages that are spoken today, over three thousand of them are likely to have disappeared by the year 2100. Many of these are now classified as endangered languages and are classified as such by factors such as the number of speakers a language has, the age of the speakers, and the percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency in the language. For example, a language with many tens of thousands of speakers may be considered endangered if the children in the community are no longer learning the language. This scenario (情节) may happen in a place like Indonesia which as many different languages in use, but is trying to make communication easier by teaching a national language nation-wide. In another scenario, a language may only have a few hundred speakers but may not be considered endangered because all of the children in the community are learning the language.Once a language is classified as endangered, conservation efforts may be made in an attempt to revive the language. Whether or not to make such efforts is a decision which is ultimately made by the speakers of the language themselves, but success often requires a great deal of help and approval from the government or other authorities.One of the most famous language conservation success stories is that of the Welsh language. Historically, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, but eventually English became the main language of Wales and fewer and fewer people learned Welsh. Conservation efforts began to be made in the mid-20th century with the establishment of such organizations as the Welsh Language Association in 1962. The Welsh Language Act and the Government of Wales Act, both passed in the 1990s, protected the Welsh language and made sure that English and Welsh would have equal status in Wales. Since 2000, the study of the Welsh language has been a compulsory subject in school. Today, over 22% of the population of Wales are Welsh speakers, up from 18% in 1991.81. What factors are taken into consideration when we classify languages as endangered ones, besidesthe number and the age of the speakers?82. One of the reasons why some languages go declining in Indonesia is___________________83. The word “ revive” in Para 2, most probably means …_______________________‟.84. What does the example of the Welsh language try to tell us?Keys:81. The percentage of young people among speakers.82. to make communication easier/to teach a national language nation-wide83. bring sth. back to life / bring sth. back into use / save84. An endangered language can be saved by conservation efforts.杨浦、静安、宝山、青浦区联考Children and adolescents who watch a lot of television are more likely to have antisocial and criminal behavior when they become adults, according to a new University of Otago, New Zealand, study published online in the journal Pediatrics. The study followed a group of around 1,000 children born in the New Zealand city of Dunedin in 1972-1973. Every two years between the ages of 5 and 15, they were asked how much television they watched. Those who watched more television were more likely to have a criminal conviction and were also more likely to have antisocial personality traits in adulthood.The study found that the risk of having a criminal behavior by early adulthood increased by about 30% with every hour that children spent watching TV on an average weeknight.The study also found that watching more television in childhood was associated, in adulthood, with aggressive personality, an increased tendency to experience negative emotions, and an increased risk of antisocial personality disorder; a psychiatric disorder characterised by persistent patterns of aggressive and antisocial behavior.The researchers found that the relationship between TV viewing and antisocial behavior was not explained by socio-economic status, aggressive or antisocial behavior in early childhood, or parenting factors.A study co-author, Lindsay Robertson, says it is not that children who were already antisocial watched more television. “Rather, children who watched a lot of television were likely to go on to manifest antisocial behavior and personality traits.”Other studies have suggested a link between television viewing and antisocial behavior, though very few have been able to demonstrate a cause-and-effect sequence. This is the first …real-life‟ stu dy that has asked about TV viewing throughout the whole childhood period, and has looked at a range of antisocial outcomes in adulthood. As an observational study, it cannot prove that watching too much television caused the antisocial outcomes, but the findings are consistent with most of the research and provides further evidence that excessive television can have long-term consequences for behavior.Antisocial behavior is a major problem for society. While we‟re not saying that television causes all antisocial behavior, our findings do suggest that reducing TV viewing could go some way towards reducing rates of antisocial behavior in society,” says Associate Professor Hancox.The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children should watch no more than 1 to 2 hours of quality television programming each day. The researchers say their findings support the idea that parents should try to limit their children's television use.(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The aim of the study is to reveal ______________________________________________.82. The researchers chose __________________________________________ as their researchsubjects（研究对象）.83. What‟s the shortcoming of most of the studies on th is topic?__________________________________________________________.84. What do you suppose many parents will do after reading this passage?__________________________________________________________.Keys:81. the relationship between television viewing and antisocial behavior.82. about 1,000 children born in Dunedin in 1972-1973.83. They fail to demonstrate a cause-and-effect sequence.84. Limit their children‟s television use (to 1 to 2 hours).长宁、嘉定区Working mothers who try to do everything by themselves are more likely to become depressed than those accepting that they are not super humans, a recent study of hundreds of women suggests.Women are told a story that they can do it all,but most workplaces are still designed for employees without child-care responsibilities,and they can happily combine child raising and a career if they are willing to let some things slide. Katrina Leupp, a researcher,suggests that rather than trying to do everything themselves,working women should get family members or others to help with the housework and not feel guilty about leaving work early when family duty calls. High earners can follow the lead of actress Anna Friel, who let out her secret to dealing with work and being a mother at the same time ---employing two maids.A researcher from the University of Washington said:”Employment is beneficial for women”s health,even when differences in marital(婚姻的) satisfaction and working full-or part-time are ruled out .”But the analysis also found that not all working mothers are equally happy. The women with “supermum”attitudes as young adults showed more signs of depression, the American Sociological Society‟s annual conference stated. Women who try to do it all without any help are more likely to feel they are failures when things do not go to plan. Very often they may be drowned in tiredness. Lack of any”me time”could also be an issue. However, she stressed that working women--- including super mums --- generally still a lower risk of depression than stay-at-home mothers, adding:”But for better mental health, working mums should accept that they can‟t do it all.”Pam Spurr, a life coach and mother-of-two,said working women don‟t have to feel ashamed to take a care er break when they have kids to take care of or cut back on time in the office. She said:”We need to accept that we are only human and can‟t do it all.”(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statement in NO MORE THAN THE WORDS.)81.According to a recent study, in order not to be depressed,working mothers________.82.How should working women deal with career and family according to Katrina Leupp?83.What are the signs of super mums‟ depression?84.In Pam Spurr‟s opinion,working women need to realize there is no shame in ________.奉贤区Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81.The research by Stockholm‟s Karolinska Institute shows that __________ can help to decrease therisk of having a stroke.82.In addition to lowering blood pressure, flavonoids make contributions to __________.83.What can account for the link between chocolate consumption and strokes according to Fayad?84.Why is moderate chocolate consumption important?Keys:81.eating one chocolate bar per week82.thinning the blood and improving the function of blood vessels83.health or lifestyle differences that went undetected84.Because too much chocolate consumption can lead to obesity闸北区(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. Commercial insurance data are mentioned in the first paragraph to show that __________.82. Patients‟ __________ attitude towards medical care caused today‟s overtreatment.83. What is the leading reason for the lack of primary-care doctors?84. What are the two methods to fight the overtreatment problem?Keys:81. The young are big consumers of healthcare too.82. “More is better”83. The worsening doctor-patient relationship.84. Care organizations and program called Choosing Wisely.普陀区(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS.)81. The purpose of Berland and Schoen‟s research is to __________.82. What is the leading factor that helps individuals to be successful according to Berland and Schoen?83. How will a Natural-Born Leader feel when he is told to finish some challenging tasks?84.Berland and Schoen have studied Independent Seekers in the two aspects: __________.Keys:81.Search for the inner qualities of successful persons.82.Mastering his/her own identities.83.Satisfied.84.Inner qualities and work attitude.上海2013届高考英语二模卷试题集（9）普陀区。