头晕/眩晕正确诊断的来源是基本功上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院神经科李焰生对头晕/眩晕的认识椎基底动脉供血不足诊断标准中华神经精神科杂志1988；21：:14眩晕的临床诊断和治疗流程建议中国神经精神疾病杂志2003；29:314中国后循环缺血的专家共识中华内科学杂志2006；45：786头晕的诊断流程建议中华内科杂志2009；48:435眩晕诊治专家共识中华神经科杂志2010；43：6:3正确诊断的基本功•症状界定是诊断前提•仔细问诊是诊断关键•了解病因是诊断保证•针对检查是诊断支持•更新知识是诊断源泉头晕（dizziness）•韦氏医学字典定义为“由视觉、脑部、内耳平衡及胃肠道疾患所导致的非痛性头部不适。
头晕是个难以界定的医学术语，非专业人员常用之以描述从头重脚轻、不稳到眩晕等多种情况。
”•维基百科全书中指“空间知觉和平衡的损害，它是不精确的，被用以表示眩晕(vertigo)、晕厥前（presyncope、near faint）、失衡（disequilibrium或imbalance或unsteadiness）非特异性头重脚轻（lightheadness）”vertigo•韦氏医学字典定义: vertigo来自拉丁语，vertere表示“旋转”，后缀igo表示“状态”，故指自身或周围环境旋转的感觉。
•维基百科全书中指“是头晕的一种，是种运动感，常由前庭系统功能异常所导致，常伴随有恶心、呕吐、站立和行走困难。
”DIZZINESS : quality-of-symptom1.眩晕(vertigo)特异性症状，感觉环境在旋转，各方向皆有，头活动后加重2.失衡(disequilibrium或imbalance或unsteadiness)不稳或不安全感，无旋转，站立和行走困难3.头重脚轻(lightheadedness)头或环境有“游泳”、漂浮、晕或摇摆感4.晕厥前（pre-syncope或near faint)一过性、马上要失去知觉、晕倒的感觉Drachman DA，Hart CW. An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology,1972, 22: 323–334Cecil Textbook of Medicine 24edi 2010The term dizziness include lightheadedness, disequilibrium, vertigo, and presyncope and has numerous potential causes.Description, mechanism, and focus of diagnostic workup for commontypes of dizzinesstypedescriptionmechanismFocus of diagnostic evaluation vertigo Spinning(environment moves), tilt,drunkeness Imbalance in tonic vestibular activityAuditory and vestibular systems Near faint Lightheaded, swimmingDecreased blood flow to entire brainCardiovascular system psychophysiologicDissociated from body, spinnning inside(environment still)Impaired central integration of sensory signals Psychiatric assessment disequilibriumOff balance, unsteady on footLoss of vestibulospinal,proprioceptive, cerebellar, or motor functionNeurological assessmentAdams & Victor’s Principles of Neurology 9th Edition 2009The term dizziness is applied by the patient to a number of different sensory experiences —a feeling of rotation or whirling as well as nonrotatory swaying, weakness, faintness, light-headedness, or unsteadiness. Blurring of vision, feelings of unreality, syncope, and even petit mal or other seizure phenomena may be called "dizzy spells." These experiences fall into four categories:(1) vertigo , a physical sensation of motion of self or the environment;(2) near syncope , a sensation of faintness;(3) disequilibrium , a disorder imbalance of stance or gait;(4) ill-defined lightheadedness, a symptom that often accompanies anxiety.Hence a close questioning of the patient as to how he is using the term dizziness becomes a necessary first step in clinical study.Neurology in Clinical Practice5th edi 2008Dizziness is a term patients used to describe a variety ofsymptoms including spinning or movement of the environment (vertigo), lightheadedness, presyncope, or imbalance. Patients also may use the term for other sensations such as visual distortion, internal spinning, nonspecific disorientation, and anxiety, so the most important initial step is to clarify the symptoms. Peripheral vestibular disorders are important to recognize because they are common and difinable at the bedside and often are missed by referring physicians.Common causes of nonspecific dizziness: patients usually havelightheadedness(wooziness),presyncope, imbalance, motion sensitivity, or anxiety. Elderly, cardiology, metabolism, peripheral neuropathy, medication Common presentation of vertigo:acute severe vertigo: vestibular neuritis, strokerecurrent vertigo: meniere disease, migraine, vestibular paroxysma, TIA recurrent positional vertigo: BPPV按照quality-of-symptom 分类的问题•患者常常将头晕和眩晕等同•不少患者几乎不能将不同情况区分，或无法分清到底如何（也有多种充分混合可能）•欧洲与美国专家不一致•故仅依据患者的诉说来确定症状性质不是很可靠入选2个医院急诊患者872例，主诉头晕、头重脚轻或不稳；44%因此而来急诊，问卷分析：62%选择1种以上头晕类型；54%的回答与救诊时的描述不一致；218例在问卷中没有选择“旋转、眩晕”者中，70%直接提问回答时有“眩晕、旋转”；52%患者6分钟内的前后回答不一致，而持续时间和诱因很一致结论：头晕性质的描述不清、不一致、不可靠！制定原则的共识1）选择定义的症状应足够广泛，能涵盖典型地由前庭疾患所导致的临床症状谱，且具有足够的特异性而能促进有效的研究。
2）没有任何“前庭”症状具有完全特异的定位或分类学的含义，其发病机制很可能未被完全认识。
3）症状的定义应尽可能是纯粹的现象学，并不参考某种病理生理学理论或特定的疾病。
4）若没有重叠或层次性，则症状的定义是最清晰的；允许个体患者有多个症状共存。
5）鉴于目前的文字使用模式，应考虑到所选的术语能够容易地被翻译成非英语语言。
(1)眩晕是指没有自身运动时所感到的自身运动感觉或是在正常头部运动时感到的扭曲的自身运动感觉，它是种“内在的”前庭感觉。
未加修饰语的“眩晕”默指“内在的眩晕”，涵盖了虚假的旋转感觉（旋转性眩晕）及其他虚假感觉，如摇摆、倾倒、浮动、弹跳或滑动（非旋转性眩晕）。
(2)头晕是指空间定向能力受损或障碍的感觉，没有运动的虚假或扭曲的感觉。
它不用于描述晕厥前、头昏（脑子不清）disordered thinking(mental confusion)或现实脱离（人格解体或现实解体）detachment from reality(depersonalization or derealization)，也不用于描述患者的无力、不舒服、疲劳或不适（虚弱及头昏眼花）等非特异性的感觉。
（3）在前庭-视觉症状(vestibulo-visual symptoms)中，增加了外在的眩晕，它指视景旋转或摇晃的虚假感觉。