由德国联邦政府颁布的第一部关于可再生能源发电(EEG) 和热电联产
(BHKW) 的联邦法律
Fixed balance for power generation using renewable energy resources Wind, Water,
Biomass and Biogas, Photovoltaic
Low-Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) Requirements and Testing
低电压穿越（LVRT）要求及测试
Dr.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Weck
Forschungsgemeinsc
haft für Elektrische
Anlagen
und
Stromwirtschaft e.V.
常规的过流保护不起作用
Protection during faults by voltage and frequency variation
故障期间根据电压和频率变化进行保护
Basic requirement in Grid Codes fast disconnection at system faults
UCTE 400 kV
G
Subtransmission
个别地区超过20% WT connection to sub-transmission
次输电网110/132 kV
and transmission frequent
Industry工业
风电机组常接入次输电网及输电网
Voltage and load-flow in
History of Grid Codes in Germany since 2003 2003年后德国并网导则发展历程
Grid Codes Transmission Systems 并网导则输电网部分
12 3 4
25000
Installed Power in MW
20000
15000
10000
5000
Distribution配电网 transmission and subtransmission
Small Industry小工业
influenced 输电网和次输电网的电压和潮流受
WT
到影响
Large scale disconnection of WT from the
system at system faults leads to
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
1
2
3
4
5
Grid Codes Distribution Systems
并网导则配电网部分
8
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
Power generation of Wind Turbines since 2003 2003年后风电状况
The European UCTE interconnected 400 kV system 欧洲电力传输协调联盟UCTE互联的400 kV 系统
Red红色: 500 kV Transmission输电网 Brown棕色: 330 kVÜ bertragung
可再生能源发电如风电、水电、生物质能和沼气、光伏采用固定上网电价
Priviledged grid connection of power plants 发电厂优先接入电网
Main concern of public power supply companies:
公共供电公司关心的主要问题：
Voltage quality disturbances 电压质量扰动 Performance of private generation plant during power system disturbances due to faults
故障造成电力系统扰动期间私营发电厂的特性
Grid Codes 1 to 4 concentrated on these 2 subjects 并网导则1至4主要集中在这两个方面
10
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
Power generation of Wind Turbines since 2003 2003年后风电状况
The European UCTE interconnected 400 kV system 欧洲电力传输协调联盟UCTE互联的400 kV 系统
UCTE 400 kV Connection to distribution
G
Subtransmission
system
次输电网 110/132 kV Industry工业
接入配电网 Load-flow in transmission and
sub-transmission not
Distribution 配电网 influenced.
Fast disconnection prior to reclosing after faults required
要求风电机组在故障后重合闸之前快速切除
7
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
6
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
Grid Codes 1 to 4 for Distribution Systems
配电系统并网导则1至4
Performance during system faults
Wind power in Germany 德国风力发电
State 30th June 2007
2007年6月30日状况
Installed:
21,3 GW
装机容量: 2 1 . 3 G W
Number: 18.700WEA
台数：
18700 台
Generated: 37,5 TWh
First federal laws for renewable energy generation (EEG) and combined heat-
electricity generation (BHKW) published by the Federal Government of
Germany
Full-power frequency converters
全功率变频器
Short-circuit currents small and of short duration
短路电流小且持续时间短
Usual protection by overcurrent relays not effective
系统故障期间特性
Wind turbine techniques up to 2001 至2001年的风电机组技术
Directly coupled asynchronous generators 直接接入电网的异步发电机
Double-fed asynchronous generators
双馈异步发电机
Installed Power in Germany 德国装机容量
Installed Power
Installed Power
Year
装机容量
装机容量
年份
Total 总计
Wind energy 风能
GW
GW
2000
123
6 (4,9%)
2007
125
22 (17,6%)
4
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
Small Industry小工业 输电网及次输电网的潮流不受 影响
Wind power not necessary for
power supply reliability
Low-voltage低压 400 V
Households 居民区
供电可靠性对风电没有要求
Additive power regneration
25000
Installed Power in MW
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
1
2
3

5
Grid Codes Distribution Systems
并网导则配电网部分
3
LVRT Workshop Beijing 06./07. January 2009 Weck: LVRT requirements and testing
配电Gr网id并C网od导es则ex1c至lu4sively for private power generation
并网导则仅适用于私有发电
Codes not applicable to generation of public power supply companies
导则不适用于公共供电公司
Power generation of Wind Turbines since 2003