第13章美国犹太作家13.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Overview1. Background2. Emergence of Jewish Writers in AmericaⅡ. Saul Bellow (1915-2005)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅢ. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅣ. Bernard Malamud (1914-1986)1. Life2. Literary Career3. CommentⅤ. Philip Roth (1933-)1. Life2. Literary CareerⅥ. General CommentⅠ. Overview1. BackgroundAmerican literature draws from the great cultural diversities as contributed by all immigrant, ethnic, and regional groups in the country.2. Emergence of Jewish Writers in AmericaFirst, they followed European tradition of realism rather than American spirit of romanticism. Abraham Cahan (1860-1951) was the first immigrant writer and the first major Jewish American author to assert a strong American literary voice. Mary Antin (1881-1949) was a Jewish-immigrant woman from Russia. She described her rebirth as an American in her autobiography The Promised Land(1912). The full arrival of competent mature Jewish literature occurred by the end of World War Ⅱ. Ⅰ. 概述1. 背景美国文学从所有的移民、民族和地域团体中所形成的多样文化中吸取了很多。
2. 美国犹太作家的出现犹太作家最初进行文学创作时，他们遵循的是欧洲现实主义传统而非美国浪漫主义精神。
亚伯拉罕·卡罕（1860-1951）是第一位移民作家、第一位重要的犹太美国作家，并且发出了维护美国文学的强大呼声。
玛丽·安廷（1881-1949）是一位来自俄国的女性犹太移民。
她在她的自传《应许之地》（1912）描写了她作为美国人的重生。
成熟的犹太文学创作在第二次世界大战结束前才开始。
Ⅱ. Saul Bellow (1915-2005)1. LifeBellow was born in Quebec, Canada. He grew up in the Jewish ghetto of Montreal and was raised under the influence of a strongly Jewish mother. In 1933 he attended the University of Chicago. He became a thorough intellectual and read widely in many subjects. During World War Ⅱ he served in the Merchant Marine and then settled down to teach and write.2. Literary CareerBellow’s first novel, Dangling Man was published in 1944. His second novel was The Victim (1947). He received National Institute of Arts and Letters grant in 1952, and in 1953 he produced The Adventures of Augie March, which won him the National Book Award and established his reputation as a major writer. He received the 1976 Nobel Prize because “the human understanding and subtle analysis ofc ontemporary culture are combined in his work”.3. CommentBellow is reputed for interpreting the struggle of city dwellers to define their roles and responsibilities in the modem world. His frequent criticism of modem American life is both bitter and loving. Bellow was the first important Jewish novelist to begin publishing in the mid-1940s.Ⅱ. 索尔·贝娄(1915-2005)1. 生平贝娄出生在加拿大魁北克省。
他在蒙特利尔的犹太人居住区长大，并且受到犹太妈妈的强烈影响。
1933年他进入芝加哥大学，成为一个完全的知识分子，广泛阅读了多种学科的书籍。
二战期间他在商船队服役，而后定居下来教书和写作。
2. 文学生涯贝娄的第一部小说《晃来晃去的人》1944年出版。
他的第二部小说是《受害者》(1947)。
1952年，他得到了全国文学艺术协会的资助。
1953年创作的《奥吉·玛琪历险记》使他获得了美国国家图书奖，奠定了他的文学地位。
1976年索尔·贝娄荣获诺贝尔文学奖，他的作品被认为“融合了对人的理解和对当代文化的精妙分析”。
3. 评价贝娄描写城市居民的挣扎，定义他们在现代社会的角色和责任，并以对其独特的理解见称。
他对美国社会进行辛辣的批评，同时又充满了爱意。
贝娄是20世纪40年代中期开始出版写作的第一位重要的犹太作家。
Ⅲ. Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991)1. LifeSinger was born in Poland. His father worked as a rabbi. He read extensively when he was only twelve and that he wanted to be a writer in his early years. In 1935 he published his first novel and in the same year he and his brother fled to America because they were afraid that Nazi Germany might invade Poland. He became an American citizen in 1943.2. Literary CareerHis short stories are full of wit, irony and folklore. They are collected in The Collected Stories of Isaac Bashevis Singer (1982). His novels can be classified into two categories. One is family saga written in realistic tradition like The Family Moskat(1950). The other is legendary romance about love and religion like The Magician of Lublin(1960). With the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978, Singer established himself as the foremost writer of Yiddish literature in America.Ⅲ. 艾萨克·巴甚维斯·辛格(1904-1991)1. 生平辛格出生在波兰。
他父亲是一位犹太教教士。
12岁的时候就读过很多书，早年就很想成为一位作家。
1935年出版了第一部小说，同年因担心纳粹德国会入侵波兰，便与哥哥一起逃往美国。
1943年成为美国公民。
2. 文学生涯辛格的短篇小说充满智慧、讽刺和民间传说，它们被收集在《辛格短篇小说集》。
他的小说可以分成两类：一类是按照现实主义传统写的家族传奇，例如《莫斯卡特家族》（1950）；另一类是关于爱和宗教的传奇故事，例如《卢布林的魔术师》（1960）。
1978年获诺贝尔文学奖，辛格成为美国意第绪语文学最重要的作家。
Ⅳ. Bernard Malamud (1914-1986)1. LifeHe spent his childhood in bitter poverty. He attended public schools then he received his M.A. degree at Columbia University in 1942. He taught English and literature most of his life.2. Literary CareerIn 1952 he published a comic novel, The Natural, The Assistant (1957) is a great success. Malamud’s collection of short stories The Magic Barrel in 1958 won him a National Book Award. He received two National Book Awards and one Pulitzer Prize. His major novels include A New Life (1962), The Fixer (1966), Pictures of Fidelman: An Exhibition (1966), The Tenants (1971), and God’s Grace (1982).3. CommentHe worked almost exclusively with Jewish life and Jewish problems to develop two themes: the necessity of accepting the moral obligation of love and the relationship between suffering and love. His stories captured the speech and manners of the recently immigrated working-class Jews. Malarnud was another major Jewish writer. Ⅳ. 伯纳德·马拉默德(1914-1986)1. 生平马拉默德童年生活极度贫苦，在公立学校读书，1942年在哥伦比亚大学取得硕士学位。