This is a course about justice and we begin with a story.这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课，让我们先从一个故事讲起Suppose you’re the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour.假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶And at the end of the track you notice five workers working on the track. 在铁轨末端，你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作You try to stop but you can't, your brakes don’t work.你尽力想停下电车, 但是你做不到，电车的刹车失灵了You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die.你觉得十分绝望,因为你知道如果你就这样撞向这5个工人,他们必死无疑Let’s assume you know that for sure. 假定你很清楚这一点And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker, working on the track.正当你感到无助的时候, 你突然发现就在右边一条岔道,那根轨道的尽头只有一个工人在那里工作Your steering wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, onto the side track killing the one but sparing the five.你的方向盘没有失灵, 只要你愿意你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上撞死一个工人但却因此救了另外5个人Here’s our first question: what’s the ri ght thing to do?现在提出第一个问题,我们该怎么做才对?What would you do? Let’s take a poll.你会怎么做? 我们做个调查看看How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track? Raise your hands.有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上,请举手How many wouldn’t? How many would go straight ahead?多少人不会?多少人选择就这样笔直开下去?Keep your hands up those of you, who would go straight ahead. 选笔直开下去的人先别放手A handful of people would, 少数人会the vast majority would turn.大多数人选择转向Let’s hear first, now we need to begin to investigate the reasons why you think让我们先听听看现在我们研究下你为什么觉得it's the right thing to do. 这样做是正确的Let’s begin with those in the majority who would turn to go让我们先从大多数人开始吧,谁选择转向的?onto the side track. Why would you do it? 你为什么这么选?What would be your reason? Who’s willing to volunteer a reason?你的理由是什么?谁愿意给我一个理由的?Go ahead. Stand up. 站起来说吧Because it can't be right to kill five people when you can only kill one person instead. 因为当你可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的It wouldn’t be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead. That’s a good reason.当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定不对这是个好理由That’s a good reason. Who else?这是个好理由其他人呢?Does everybody agree with that reason? Go ahead.每个人都同意刚刚那个理由么? 你来Well I was thinking it’s the same reason on 9/11 with regard to the people who flew the plane into the Pennsylvania field as heroes because they chose to kill the people on the plane and not kill more people in big buildings.我觉得这和9.11的一项事件是同样原因,我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为英雄.因为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命So the principle there was the same on 9/11.所以原因和9.11事件中那些人的选择是相同的It’s a tragic circumstance but better to kill one so that five can live, is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would turn? Yes?虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人好过撞死五个你们大多数人是不是都这么想选择转向的各位,是么?Let’s hear now from those in the minority, those who wouldn’t turn. Yes.现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法选择直行的人……Well, I think that’s the same type of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism.我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义的诡辩相似In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other. So what would you do in this case?为了拯救一个种族,你抹去了其他的种族，那么在这个事例中你会怎么做?You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide, you would crash into the five and kill them?你会,为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义而选择撞死那5个人么?Presumably, yes. 理论上,是这样You would? 真的?-Yeah. 是Okay. Who else? That’s a brave answer. 好吧,还有谁?这是个大胆的想法Thank you. 谢谢Let’s consider another trolley car case 让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子and see whether those of you in the majority want to adhere to the principle “better that one should die so that five should live.”看看是不是那些占多数的人仍然会坚持刚才的原则“牺牲一个人总好过撞死5个人.”This time you’re not the driver of the trolley car, 这次你不是电车的司机了you’re an onlooker. You’re standing on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track.你是个旁观者,你站在桥上俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨And down the track comes a trolley car, at the end of the track are five workers, the brakes don’t work, the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them.此时电车开过铁轨尽头有5个工人刹车失灵，电车马上就要冲向那5个人了And now, you’re not the driver, you really feel helpless until you notice standing next to you, leaning over the bridge is a very fat man.而这次,你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法直到你突然发现,你旁边一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥上And you could give him a shove. 你可以推他一下He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolleycar.他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路He would die but he would spare the five. 虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救.Now, how many would push the fat man over the bridge? 这次,多少人会推一把桥上的胖子Raise your hand. 举起你的手How many wouldn’t? 多少人不会这样做?Most people wouldn’t. Here’s the obvious question. 绝大多数人不会问题显而易见What became of the principle “better to save five lives even if it means sacrificing one?” 刚才的原则发生了什么?牺牲一个人总比牺牲5个人好?What became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case? I need to hear from someone刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么了么?我要听听。