对债权转让合同的审查应采形式审查标准
——浙江衢州中院判决徐慧琦诉徐江洪债权转让合同纠纷案
裁判要旨
债权转让合同具有无因性，不以支付对价为生效要件。故债权转让后受让人诉债务人民事纠纷中，对债权转让合同进行合法性审查时应采用形式审查标准。案情
2010年4月15日，徐卫东与徐慧琦签订债权转让协议书，称“乙方(徐卫东)于2009年6月19日向甲方(徐慧琦)借款20万元，同年8月27日、l0月24日乙方通过徐慧珂向甲方借款25万元。另乙方于2010年1月19日、2月12日、2月13日、2月27日通过徐慧珂向甲方借款36.69万元，直接用于偿还乙方欠汪丽莉、毛仙月及姜群的欠款。因乙方尚有对徐江洪70万元的到期债权，现双方经协商达成如下协议：一、徐江洪欠乙方70万元及利息，乙方将该债权转让给甲方，用以清偿乙方欠甲方的债务。自本协议生效后，乙方对徐江洪就上述70万元借款产生的所有权利均转移给甲方。二、乙方将徐江洪欠条的原件两张交给甲方，在本协议生效后，乙方负责以书面方式将债权转让的情况通知徐江洪。
三、本协议一式两份，甲、乙双方各执一份。协议自双方签字后生效”。20l0年4月20日，徐卫东出具了一份给徐江洪的债权转让通知书，称因其与徐慧琦有债务关系，决定将徐江洪欠其的70万元本金债务及利息(目前已拖欠2个月利息2.8万元)，于2010年4月15日起全部转让给徐慧琦享有，要求徐江洪从2010年4月15日起将该笔债务本息直接支付给徐慧琦。
徐慧琦向浙江省江山市人民法院起诉，要求徐江洪、王桂平归还欠款70万元及利息并承担律师费2.4万元。
裁判
浙江省江山市人民法院经审理认为，债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人。涉案债权原系祝前水转让给徐卫东，后由徐卫东转让给徐慧琦，该债权转让已发生法律效力，徐慧琦因此享有涉案债权。徐江洪作为债务人应当向债权受让人即徐慧琦履行债务。据此，浙江省江山市人民法院判决：一、徐江洪于判决生效后十日内支付徐慧琦欠款70万元及利息(利息从2010年3月27日起至判决确定的履行之日止按中国人民银行同期贷款基准利率的四倍计算)；二、徐江洪于判决生效后十日内支付徐慧琦律师代理费损失5000元。
徐江洪不服，提起上诉。
浙江省衢州市中级人民法院经审理后认为，徐卫东与徐慧琦之间的债权转让关系合法有效，原审判决并无不当。
衢州市中级人民法院判决:驳回上诉，维持原判。
评析
债权转让是指在不改变债的内容的前提下，由出让人与受让人签订合同从而将债权移转于受让人的行为。关于债权转让合同的性质，理论上有三种观点。一是不要因的准物权合同说，该说认为债权转让是一种准物权行为，基于当事人之间的合意而发生权利变动的效果，合意一经形成，受让人便取得债权，并发生对第三人的效力，债权转让是否有原因，该原因有无瑕疵，对债权转让的法律效果均不产生影响。二是要因的买卖合同说，该说认为债权转让合同是一种要式的买卖合同，受让人为此应支付一定代价，其买卖标的物是债权，出卖人应对作为买卖标的物的权利在法律上承担瑕疵担保的责任。如果转让人不享有权利而转让债
权，将直接影响转让合同的效力。三是合同说，该说认为债权转让合同适用合同法的一般原则和规则，必须具备权利人的表示，该意思表示可直接向受让人或第三人表示，不需要他人或债务人的行为，同时肯定有偿转让与无偿转让的合同效力。
我国合同法第七十九条明确规定：“债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：（一）根据合同性质不得转让；（二）按照当事人约定不得转让；（三）依照法律规定不得转让。”结合我国司法实践，基本上认为债权转让关系是一种合同关系。转让合同权利应在转让人与受让人之间达成协议，在转让合同权利的情况下，实际上已将合同权利作为转让的标的。转让合同权利也意味着权利人对其权利实施了处分行为。一般情况下，这种合同的效力与原因关系相分离。但立法也承认当事人在债权转让契约中约定其与原因关系相关联的效力，存在此约定，则原因关系的效力影响让与行为的效力，故债权转让的性质应当理解为是一种相对的无因契约。
具体到本案，徐卫东转让给徐慧琦的债权是否合法，即徐卫东与徐慧琦债权转让合同的标的物——徐卫东对徐江洪享有的债权能否再构成徐慧琦诉徐江洪的诉权基础，应审查该债权转让合同是否成立及生效。由于徐江洪与徐卫东之间并未约定该债权不能转让，也不存在依据合同性质不得转让和依照法律规定不得转让的情形；同时债权转让合同既可以是有偿的，也可以是无偿的，因此审查债权转让合同的效力（不考虑通知对于债务人的效力）只需按照合同法的一般原则，即主体具有行为能力，作出真实意思表示，形成合意即可。至于徐卫东与徐慧琦之间的债权转让合同是否存在真实的对价，即“乙方(徐卫东)于2009年6月19日向甲方(徐慧琦)借款20万元，同年8月27日、l0月24日乙方通过徐慧珂向甲方借款25万元。另乙方于2010年1月19日、2月12日、2月13日、2月27日通过徐慧珂向甲方借款36.69万元，直接用于偿还乙方欠汪丽莉、毛仙月及姜群的欠款”这些事实是否成立，无需进行实质性审查。
本案案号：（2010）衢江商初字第1174号；（2011）浙衢商终字第102号
案例编写人：浙江省衢州市中级人民法院程顺增刘清启
犯罪构成符合性判断的思维模式(一) 关键词:犯罪构成/符合性判断/思维模式 内容提要:犯罪构成符合性判断包括涵摄和等置两种不尽相同的思维模式。在犯罪构成要件含义明确的案件中，凭借经验就可以判断出事实要件是否符合对应的构成要件，这是涵摄的思维模式；但在构成要件含义不明确的案件中，必须通过比较事实要件与构成要件的典型事实是否具有法律意义的同一性来判断事实要件是否符合对应的构成要件，这是等置的思维模式。 一、引言 刑事裁判可以分为定罪和量刑两个相对独立的环节。其中，“定罪是法律规范与案件事实的耦合过程，是对某一行为是否有罪的确认……定罪活动中的所谓确认，主要是指对某一行为与刑法所规定的犯罪构成之间进行相互一致的认定。”1]行为事实与犯罪构成之间的符合性判断是定罪活动的核心。对犯罪构成符合性判断方法的研究属于刑事司法方法论的范畴。目前，国内刑法学界对刑事司法判断方法的研究兴趣日隆，学者们主要是从刑法解释的路径展开研究的。但是，选择什么样的解释方法、各种解释方法的关系以及如何运用这些解释方法，在很大程度上依赖于进行判断的思维模式。模式相当于库恩在科学哲学中引起革命的“范式”，库恩说：“一个范式就是一个公认的模型或模式。”2]德国学者波塞尔对库恩范式的意义作了这样的阐述：“范式决定了我们的着眼点，决定着哪些问题是允许提出的，同时决定着如何回答所提出的具体问题以及解决这类问题的方法与手段。”3]在犯罪构成符合性判断中，判断的思维模式也同样具有决定进行判断的着眼点、如何提出问题以及如何选择回答问题的方法的作用。 二、犯罪构成符合性判断的思维模式之一：涵摄 在犯罪构成符合性判断中，判断者一边面对的是规定犯罪构成的抽象的刑法规范，另一边面对的是具体的案件事实，犯罪构成符合性判断就是要寻找这种当为与实在之间是否具有对应关系，判定具体的案件事实能否被置于一定的犯罪构成之下。在法学方法论中，一般称这样的思维过程为涵摄(Subsumption)①。“涵摄”原本是一个逻辑学概念，是指将一个外延比较窄的下位概念归于外延比较广的上位概念之下的推演。“从事这种推论首先必须定义这两个概念，然后确定上位概念的全部要素在下位概念中全部重现。”4]比如，“鸽子”这个概念可以涵摄于“鸟”这个概念之下，因为所有定义“鸟”的必要且充分的要素，在“鸽子”的概念中一一重现。在制定国家法律的过程中，人们一直梦想着法律裁判过程能和逻辑涵摄一样，通过纯粹形式的概念计算和比对就可以实现规范对事实的涵摄。这样一方面可以最大程度地限制法官的自由裁量权，另一方面也可以最大限度地保证人们的预测可能性，保障其自由与权利。我国台湾学者黄茂荣根据逻辑涵摄的思维模式，把法律涵摄的思维过程分为以下三个步骤：“(1)被涵摄之构成要件或其延伸，即其构成要件要素，或所内涵的特征，必须被完全地列举； (2)拟被涵摄之法律事实必须具备系争构成要件及其要素之一切特征；(3)当(1)和(2)皆成立时，始能通过涵摄认定该法律实为该构成要件所指称的法律事实。”5]可以表示如下： T(构成要件)的全部要素ml、m2、m3被完全地列举，S(行为事实)具有ml、m2、m3等要素，因此，S是T所指称的法律事实，即S符合T。 犯罪构成符合性判断大致也都会遵循上述的思维步骤。首先，判断者需要分解具体罪名的犯罪构成，列举其具体的构成要件。在刑法中，具体的犯罪构成是由诸多要件所组成的，比如故意杀人罪的犯罪构成就由杀人的主体、杀人的行为、杀人的故意等要件组成。在进行涵摄时，这些要件也体现为具体的法律概念，如故意杀人罪的构成至少可以分解成“故意”和“杀人”两个概念；其次，要提取案件事实中和犯罪构成要件相对应的要件，例如，在故意杀人案件中，“开枪”等具体行为就是和故意杀人罪中的“杀人”要件相对应的要件；最后，判断被提取的案件事实要件是否分别和犯罪构成的各个要件相吻合，比如，在抢劫案件中，要判断
名词性从句测试题及答案经典 一、名词性从句 1．______ has caused great confusion is ______ he made it without anyone else's help. A. What; that. B. What; how. C. It; how. D. It; that. 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：让人极大困惑的是他如何在没有别人帮助的情况下做到这一点的。表示“让人困惑的事情”用what引导主语从句，表示“如何做到的”用how表方式，引导表语从句。故选B. 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及what引导的主语从句和how引导的表语从句。 2．________ is known to us all that the old scientist, for ________ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his eighties. A. As; whose B. It; whose C. As; whom D. It; whom 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：我们都知道，那位老科学家，过去生活很艰苦，到了八十多岁还在努力工作。第一空it is known to us all that…是个固定句型，意为“众所周知…”；第二空为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句，先行词the old scientist指人，作介词for的宾语，只能用whom，故选D。 【点评】考查名词性从句和定语从句，本题涉及固定句式it is known to us all that…和whom引导的限制性定语从句。 3．Some people believe _______ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whatever B. whenever C. wherever D. no matter what 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：一些人认为之前发生的或现在正在发生的任何事情在将来都会重复发生。Whatever has happened before or is happening now是一个主语从句，whatever既引导起这个主语从句，也在句中做主语。BC项都属于副词的性质，都不能做主语，通常只能做状语；no matter what只能用来引导状语从句，故选A。 【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及"特殊疑问词+ever"引导的主语从句。 4．Has it been announced ______? A. when are the planes to take off B. that are the planes to take off C. where are the planes to take off D. when the planes are to take off 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意: 飞机什么时候起飞已经宣布了吗？此处是when引导的主语从句，且要用陈述句语序，故选D。 【点评】考查名词性从句，it作形式主语，关系副词when引导的从句作真正的主语。
专题十名词性从句 第一节基本知识与基本概念 【什么是名词性从句？】 顾名思义，主语从句在句子中作主语。有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。如: What I saw was beyond any verbal description. That his hair was turning grey worried him a bit. Why the company denied the contract is still unknown. When and where the government will build a city square is under discussion. It is pretty annoying that a small part of the machine is missing. It remains to be seen whether the new novel will be well received. 【宾语从句】 在句子中作宾语的从句就是宾语从句。由于这是同学们接触比较早的一种从句，应该问题不大。所以在近年的高考题中，以宾语从句的知识作为考点的题目较少。但是，宾语从句也有自己的特殊情况，如介词的宾语，形容词的宾语，宾语从句提前和并列的宾语从句等现象。如： We assumed that there would be more than 100 guests. He told the police in detail what he saw and heard. Nobody is sure what humans will look like in a million years. That will depend on whether they can get the chance. Whether I will have the time I am not sure at the moment. The conductor complained that we were not gifted in singing and that he would never come again. 【表语从句】 表语从句的最重要脸谱就是它们应该出现在系动词的后面。如： The only question left is how often the workers are paid. His idea for the coming weekend is that we go skating. 【同位语从句】 从脸谱上看，同位语从句最为麻烦。因为它们也是出现在一个名词的后面，起着解释说明的作用。
当今世界，刑法领域内有三种犯罪论体系。其一是前苏联等国采用的犯罪构成理论体系，将犯罪构成要件分为主体要件、客体要件、主观要件、客观要件四部分，即通常所说的犯罪构成四要件说；其二是英美等普通法系国家采用的犯罪论体系，将犯罪成立条件分为犯意和犯行；其三是以德国和日本为代表的“三要件说”，三要件说认为犯罪构成要件应当是由构成要件该当性、违法性和有责性组成的三阶层递进式。 由于受前苏联的影响，四要件说一直占据了我国犯罪构成要件理论的通说地位。而近三十年来，我国犯罪构成理论研究出现了百花齐放、百家争鸣的现象，不少学者对于四要件说进行了批判，同时也开始也对德日的三要件说进行了有益的探讨，四要件说的通说地位受到了质疑。虽然学术界仍然颇多争议，而司法考试已经先行一步，2009年的司法考试大纲采用了德日的三要件说理论，摒弃了前苏联的四要件理论。 一、两种学说的内涵 1、犯罪构成四要件说 四要件说认为，犯罪构成要件是某行为构成犯罪所必须满足的主客观条件的有机整体，由四个方面构成： （1）犯罪主体，指达到刑事责任年龄，具有刑事责任能力，实施危害社会行为的人，单位也可以成为部分犯罪的主体。 （2）犯罪客体，指我国刑法所保护而为犯罪行为所侵害的社会关系。 （3）犯罪的主观方面，指犯罪主体对其实施的危害行为及危害结果所抱得心理态度，包括犯罪目的和主观罪过等要素。 （4）犯罪客观方面，指犯罪活动在客观上的外在表现，包括危害行为、危害结果、因果关系等要素。 四要件说认为符合上述四个条件可认定行为构成犯罪，而犯罪成立后也可因为正当防卫、紧急避险等原因而对犯罪认定进行排除。 2、三要件说 三要件说认为，一个行为要构成犯罪，除了行为符合构成要件并属于违法之外，行为人还必须负有责任，也即是说一个行为要构成犯罪必须符合三个递进式组合的条件。 （1）犯罪构成该当性。犯罪构成该当性也称构成要件符合性，是指构成要件的实现，即所发生的事实与刑法条文规定的内容要相一致。具体来说该当性中包括了行为主体、危害行为、犯罪对象、危害结果、因果关系几个要素。 （2）违法性。违法性要求犯罪行为不仅是符合构成要件的行为，而且实质上是法律所不允许的行为，即必须是违法的行为。违法性的判断标准在于是否有违法阻却事由。违法阻却事由是排除具有
论刑法中的犯罪构成 犯罪构成理论在犯罪体系及整个刑法学体系中占据核心地位，它是由资产阶级刑法学家首先提出并创立的，是资产阶级反对封建司法专制的历史性产物。犯罪构成是定罪量刑的法律标准，行为符合犯罪构成是负刑事责任的根据。 一、大陆法系犯罪构成理论：犯罪构成的概念最早起源于13世纪意大利宗教裁判上的“查究程序”或称“纠问手续”，其构成要件只有诉讼上的意义。直到19世纪德国著名刑法学家费尔巴哈、施鸠别尔才明确把犯罪构成作为刑事实体法上的概念来使用。现代意义上的犯罪构成理论，形成于本世纪初，德国学家贝林格首先提出了系统的犯罪构成要件理论，使构成要件上升为刑法总论的概念。贝林格主张犯罪论体系应有三部分组成，即构成要件该当性、违法性和有责性。认为构成要件是“犯罪类型的轮廓”，构成要件是确定可罚行为的基础。并认为，构成要件的符合性是犯罪成立的第一要件，同时犯罪还必须具备违法性及有责任诸要件。迈耶尔的犯罪理论体系继承了贝林格的犯罪理论体系的框架。但迈耶尔与贝林格的观点还有不同，他认为有些场合下，违法性是由主观要素所决定的，所以存在有主观的违法要素。梅次凯尔提出了由行为、不法和责任组成的犯罪体系，梅次凯尔把构成要件符合性论和违法性论合二为一构建成不法论。而小野清一郎赞同传统的又构成要件符合性、违法性和有责性构成犯罪论体系，但是，他认为构成要件既是违法的类型，也是有责类型。现在，大陆法系国家的构成要件理论则普遍认为：构成要件符合性、违法性和有责性是成立犯罪的三个条件，故构成要件符合性只是犯罪成立条件之一，构成要件是违法类型，即符合构成要件的行为原则上具有违法性；构成要件不仅包括客观的、记述的要素，而且包括主观的、规范的要素。 二、英美法系犯罪构成理论：以英、美为代表的犯罪构成体系，具有双层次性的特点。英美刑法的犯罪构成分为实体意义上的犯罪要件和诉讼意义上的犯罪要件。实体意义上的犯罪要件是指犯罪行为和犯罪意图，这种意义包含在犯罪定义之中。犯罪定义之外的责任要件是诉讼意义上的犯罪要件，通过合法抗辩事由体现出来。犯罪行为和犯罪心态，是犯罪本体要件。要成立犯罪，除应具有犯罪本体要件外，还必须排除合法辩护的可能，即具备责任充足条件。在理论结构上，
whoever与no matter who有何区别 有这样一道题： I will give the ticket to __________ wants it. A. whoever B. no matter who C. whatever D. no matter what 此题应选 A。容易误选B。选项C，D都是错的，因为从句意上看，“想要票的”应 该是“人”(whoever)而不能是“东西”(whatever)。至于为什么选 whoever 而不选no matter who，这要从它们在句中引导的成分说起： no matter who通常只能引导状语从句，而不能引导名词性从句。而 whoever 既可引导 名词性从句(= anyone that)也可引导状语从句(=no matter who)： 如何理解宾语从句的时态呼应 理解宾语从句的时态响应，应注意以下几种情况： 1. 无需呼应的情况：若主句谓语动词的时态为现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语动词 可根据句意的需要使用任何所需要的时态。如： He knows where they live. 他知道他们住哪里。 No one knows where he was born. 没有人知道他出生于何地。 Tom says that he’ll never get married. 汤姆说他永远不结婚。 2. 主句为过去时的情况：若主句谓语动词为过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词应用相应的 过去时态。如： She asked me if I’d slept well. 她问我睡得好不好。 I didn’t know whether they liked the place. 我不知道他们是否喜欢这个地方。 He said he was going to accompany her home. 他说他将陪她回家。 当主句谓语动词为过去时，即使宾语从句所表示的时间是现在，通常也用过去时。如：Oh! I didn’t know you were here. 啊! 我不知道你在这里。(you were here指说话的当时)
名词性从句和状语从句练习 名词性从句 1. His success was because of ________ he had been working hard. A. that B. the fact which C.the fact that D.the fact 2."Is Mary from New York City " "I don't know _______." A. from what city does she come from B. from what city she come C. what city does she come from D. what city she comes from 3.________ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever 4. The reason why I didn't go to Shanghai was ________ a new job. A. because I got B. because of getting C. I got D. that I got 5. It worried her a bit ____ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for 6. Henry killed the dog. I'll ask him why ________. A. did he do that B. he did that C. he did D. he has done so 7. Have you seen Henry lately My boss wants to know ________. A. how he is getting along B. how is he getting along
名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句 1.Did you tell him _____? A. where your address was B. where was your address C. what your address was D. what was your address 2.Allen was advised to give the work to ____ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility. A. whom B. whoever C. whomever D. those 3.Is this hotel _____ you said we were to stay in your letter? A. that B. where C. the one D. in which 4.---Do you always have weather like this in May? ---Generally it’s much cooler than this. And I can’t rememb er_____ we had such a rainy day. A. when B. where C. whether D. though 5.--- Why didn’t he come to school yesterday? ---The reason_____ he told us was _____ he had been caught in an accident. A. why; that B. that; that C. that; because D. why; because 6.The man ____ talked about is a medical winner. A. whom was B. who C. that D. we 7.He is a teacher, _____ became clear from his manner. A. who B. whom C. as D. that 8.I must make full use of time _____ left to me and do as much as I can for the people. A. which B. there is C. that D. when 9.You can use a plastic bottle, _____ cut off, as a pot to grow your plants in. A. the top is B. with its top C. whose top D. which top 10.I had coffee after dinner in my study, _____ is my usual practice. A. that B. when C. as D. where 11.--- Have you seen such an interesting film as “ The Return of the King--- Lord of the Rings”? ---Oh, yes, but it was ____ I was at college. A. that B. since C. when D. / 12.The fans, I couldn’t imagine that moment, _____ were so crazy, demanded kisses from the pop star. A. why B. who C. / D. when 13.It was in Beihai Park_____ they made a date for the first time _____ the old couple told us their love story. A. where; that B. that; that C. where; when D. that; when 14.Keep away from such things _____ will do you harm. A. as B. that C. like D. which 15.Recently he’s made anther wonderful invention, _____ of great importance to science. A. that I suppose it is B. which I suppose is C. I suppose which it is D. and I suppose which it is 16._____ Mary _____ Sue knows nothing about the matter, _____ they didn’t come to the school last Friday. A. Either; or; because B. Both; and; as
表5-4具体的事实认识错误
【学术争议】 1．法定符合说与具体符合说。参见图表。请同时掌握两种观点和分析方法。 2．对事前的故意的认定。（1）将甲的前行为认定为故意杀人未遂，将后行为认定为过失致人死亡，对二者实行数罪并罚或者按想象竞合处理（这是理论上的不同观点，既有人认为应并罚，有人认为应按照想象竞合处理）；理由是，毕竟是因为后行为导致死亡，但行为人对后行为只有过失；（2）认定为故意杀人既遂一罪。理由是：①前行为与死亡结果之间的因果关系并未中断（埋尸行为不异常）；或者，②前行为与后行为具有一体性，故意不需要存在于实行行为的全过程。 【说明】通说为第二种观点，理由是①。1 （二）抽象的事实认识错误 它是指行为人所认识的事实与现实所发生的事实，分别属于不同的犯罪构成——不同犯罪构成间的错误。也包括对象错误与打击错误两种情形。 A．甲欲盗窃普通财物，却盗窃了枪支。 B．乙欲杀丙，却将丙身边价值三万元的宠物打死。 根据法定符合说，应当在主观故意与客观事实相符合的范围内认定犯罪。例如A，只有认定为普通盗窃罪才能主客观相一致。B，只有认定为故意杀人未遂，才能主客观相一致。 【处理】按照想象竞合，择一重罪的原则处理。例如A：按照盗窃罪既遂（将枪支评价为财物）和过失盗窃枪支罪（不构成犯罪）择一重罪论处。 【实践】 （1）甲、乙合谋杀害丙，计划由甲对丙实施砍杀，乙持枪埋伏于远方暗处，若丙逃跑则伺机射杀。案发时，丙不知道乙的存在。为防止甲的不法侵害，丙开枪射杀甲，子弹与甲擦肩而过，击中远处的乙，致乙死亡。关于本案，下列哪些选项是正确的?（2017-2-53）2 A．丙的行为属于打击错误，依具体符合说，丙对乙的死亡结果没有故意 B．丙的行为属于对象错误，依法定符合说，丙对乙的死亡结果具有故意 C．不论采取何种学说，丙对乙都不能构成正当防卫 D．不论采用何种学说，丙对甲都不构成故意杀人罪未遂 （2）黄某意图杀死张某，当其得知张某当晚在单位值班室值班时，即放火致使值班室烧毁，其结果却是将顶替张某值班的李某烧死。下列哪些判断不符合黄某对李某死亡所持的心理态度?（2002年真题）3 1第二种观点之下有两种解释理由，通说采取第一种。 2【答案】AD 3【答案】A。直接故意。
名词性从句和状语从句、连词综合训练短文填空 短文填空A I had just started back for the house to change my clothes 1 I heard voices. More than 30 astronomers on a sightseeing trip to the museum of science had an amazing escape, 2 their trolleybus crashed into a greengrocer's truck on Park Avenue. The accident, 3 took place in Kingston, a town southwest of London, happened because of the fog. The 60-year-old driver of the truck did not know 4 he was parked in the way of the trolleybus. 5 the driver finally discovered the trolleybus coming towards him through the fog, he tried to move 6 his tyres got stuck in the muddy ground. At the last minute, he jumped out of the truck, hurting his ankle, 7 the trolleybus crashed into the truck, pushing it 20 yards.（在最后一刻，在无轨电车撞上卡车之前，他跳出了卡车，伤了他的脚踝，无轨电车把它推了20 码远。） “I would have been killed 8 I'd stayed in the truck,” he said 9 A spokesman for the police said, “It's amazing 10 no one was badly hurt. ( 11 made everyone relieved was 12 the baby came to life .) 13 we arrived at the scene, we called an ambulance 14 we saw blood everywhere. We soon realised, 15 , that the blood was really strawberry juice! The greengrocer's truck had been carrying a load of fr esh strawberries.” He praised the bravery of the astronomers 16 were helped out of the windows of the trolleybus by firemen. 17 helped to save the drowning boy is worth praising . To our surprise , 18 much effort has been made ,the cause of the accident has not been found out .) 19 everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more. 短文填空A答案：1. when 2. after 3. which 4. that 5. When 6. But 7. before 8. if 9. afterwards.10. that 11. What 12. that 13. When 14. as 15. however 16. who 17. Whoever 18. although 19.Since / Now that 短文填空B Dear Editor, I am writing to protest about the plan for a new airport. Many people have been against the idea from the start. 1 , the government is planning to go ahead with the building next year. 2 , the government says 3 the airport will bring us industry and jobs. 4 , in my opinion, it will ruin the character of Tamford, a historic country town. 5 the airport would bring tourists, I am not sure they would want to stay in a dirty, industrial town. 6 the government says, it is clear 7 the airport will 8 affect our health. Problems will increase 9 the government has promised us a new hospital. Air pollution will get worse 10 this will be harmful to people, for example, it can cause cancer. Noise pollution will 11 have an effect on the houses and schools near the airport. I think other people should write to the government about this problem. We should do 12 we can to stop this airport. I look forward to reading more letters about this matter in your newspaper. Yours faithfully, STEVE MORGAN Mr. Steve Morgan 短文填空B答案：1. However 2. First 3. that 4. However 5. Although 6. No matter what 7. that 8. also 9. even though 10. and 11. also 12. everything 短文填空C Finding fossil man 发现化石人 We can read of things 1 happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, 2 people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the word 3 even now people cannot write. The only way 4 they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of another. These legends are useful 5 they can tell us something about migrations of people 6 lived long ago,7 none could write down 8 they did. Anthropologists wondered 9 the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain 10 some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people 11 were like ourselves lived 12 long ago that even their sagas, 13 they had any, are forgotten.14 archaeologists have 15 history nor legends to help them to find out 16 the first 'modern men' came from. 弟1页（共6页）弟2页（共6页）
看我国刑法构成要件体系建设 兼议我国法律移植的方向 张世勋我用两天的时间拜读了吴林生先生在《法学》2010年第一期上发表的论文《和平窃取之批判——兼与张明楷教授商榷》一文，感触着实很深。 我是一名在校的大三学生，正准备参加司法考试，在上年度司法考试讲座中张明楷教授的弟子刘凤科老师和北京大学的陈兴良老师，都主张刑法犯罪构成要件三阶层说，即构成要件的该当性(又称构成要件符合性)，违法性，有责性。我们暂且称他们为德日刑法学派。今年的司法考试培训中来自国家法官学院的袁登明副教授称今年刑法犯罪构成理论，四要件可能会强势回归。不管是真是假至少在刑法犯罪构成这个舞台上三阶层和四要件都成了“舞台上的明星”，各放其光芒。 2009年犯罪构成三阶层说首次以司法考试辅导内容提出时，在我国学术阶层以及大学研究生教育阶层产生了极大的纷争，可谓是百家之言，各有其理。这或许可以说是我国刑法要再次出现蓬勃发展的前兆。而四要件是产生于我国八、九十年代，借鉴与原苏联的刑法体系，对于中国的社会现实和司法实务具有讳莫如深的影响。对于我国刑法理论主流界是采取三阶层还是四要件的问题我不能定论，下面单就我个人的见解附注如下： 1.笔者认为，三阶层和四要件的纠纷并不在与其基本理论不同，而是在于其司法实践中定罪量刑不同，确切的讲是在量刑方面有着极不相同的操作和理解方向。以武汉大学的马克昌教授以及高铭暄教授为代表的四要件学说分别以
犯罪的客体，犯罪客观方面，犯罪主体，犯罪主观方面四个方面对我国刑法典中的具体罪名加以分析，使检察官和法官在使用时分别从这四个方面来区分罪与非罪，此罪与彼罪，罪轻和罪重。德日刑法学派认为四要件在解决具体的犯罪时，总会把主观方面的认定作为十分自由的领域加以判断，加大了法官的自由裁量权，有违罪刑法定的嫌疑。我认为并不存在此种情形，不论是在三阶层还是四要件中对于“犯罪人”主观方面的认定都会有很大的困难。比如对于故意杀人罪的主观方面和过失致人死亡罪的主观方面的认定是十分关键的。而且三阶层在这种区别的情势下，也必须在第一个阶层犯罪构成要件的该当性中予以判断。否则将导致无法正确的区分此罪和彼罪。那么对于这一问题张明楷教授提出客观要件具有主观规制机能来解决这一难题。 2.我国自1997年现行刑法典的颁布到现在止10余年的司法实践过程中培养了一大批的对于四要件运用分析极为成熟的司法工作者，对于我国刑法构成要件的正确客观准确的运用提供了强有力的组织保障;如果在现在的司法考试或者司法教育中采取三要件说，将会导致我国司法机关人才出现断层，新一代与旧一代司法工作者没有共同法言法语，没有共同的司法实践思考思维。这将是一种不可弥补的倒退，所以依笔者的意见，将客观要件的主观规制机能理论纳入到现行的犯罪构成四要件说中，也就是去三阶层之优点补四要件之缺陷，使我国司法在平稳中得到提升和进步。 3.我自己抽时间专门拜读了张明楷教授的教科书和马克昌教授的教科书。发现不是所有的观点都是冲突的，很多观点还是趋向一致，这是我感到很欣慰。因为张明楷教授对于德日刑法的研究相当的精确，并对我国的司法实践中一小部分疑难问题有了很好的解释。比如劣马绕缰案，再比如一男子甲在乡间小路见乙女独自一人骑自行车(价值500元)行走，顿生抢劫之念，上前抢劫，乙女用随身所带器物将甲男打晕，推车往前走，此时一天黑，乙女看见一家住户，遂上前寻求帮助要住在主人家，主人(甲男之母)同意乙女与其女儿丙(甲男之妹)共住一屋。甲男回来后发现乙女的自行车，便问其母，其母告知详情乙女在床外侧睡，甲男愤怒，带深夜举刀进入丙屋，乙女听之谈话，将熟睡的丙移至
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句55题 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. _____ is known to the world, China’s Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the men’s 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games. A. That B. Which C. As D. It 2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose 3. I don’t know the reason _____ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _____ you haven’t told me. A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that 4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _____ she had visited. A. that B. who C. where D. which 5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting. A. by which B. in which C. that D. where 6. There are three things _____ make Sydney famous ? its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. A. what B. that C. when D. where 7. The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, _____ he could be in close touch with other artists. A. where B. how C. when D. which 8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _____ most uncomfortable. A. which I think it was B. which I think was C. which I think D. that I think was 9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _____ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later. A. who B. when C. where D. which 10. He knew the files could be of help to _____ took over the job. A. whoever B. whomever C. whatever D. whosever 11. _____ China got the second place in the 2004 Olympic Games made the whole nation very excited. A. Whenever B. Whether C. If D. That 12. An idea occurred to me _____ I might turn to my English teacher for help. A. which B. that C. where D. when 13. _____ was of little importance. A. Whether he passed the examination or not B. No matter he might pass the examination C. He might pass the examination D. What he passed the examination 14. The thick smog covered the whole city. It was _____ a great black blanket had been thrown over it. A. that B. because C. as if D. even if 15. Word came from Mr. Smith _____ he could arrive on the following Saturday. A. about which B. that C. whether D. of which 16. It was the belief _____ Alex Haley could find his “root” in Africa _____ made him decide to go to Gambia. A. that; where B. where; that C. that; that D. how; which 17. I believe _____ you’ve done your best and _____ things will improve very soon. A. whether; that B. 不填; that C. that; which D. if; that 18. _____ was known to them that Bob had broken his promise _____ he would give them a rise. A. What; what B. It; which C. As; that D. It; that 19. _____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. A. For now B. Since that C. Now that D. By now 20. I have been keeping the portrait _____ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my childhood in Paris. A. since B. where C. as D. if 21. _____ he was, he sat up late studying last night. A. As tired B. Though tired C. Tired as D. Tired although 22. --- Would you like a cigarette? --- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking. A. after B. since C. when D. before 23. My favorite room is the tidy study with a fireplace, _____ we can watch TV and enjoy the nice scenery outside. A. where B. when C. that D. which 24. It is an interesting story and one can’t put it down _____ one has finished reading it. A. after B. when C. unless D. until 25. --- Will you go to Mary’s birthday party? --- No. _____ invited, I can’t go. I’ll be too busy then. A. If B. Unless C. Even if D. When 26. Actually, girls can be _____ they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a general manager. A. wherever B. however C. whatever D. whoever 27. No sooner had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre _____ the curtain went up. A. than B. when C. before D. as soon as 28. We’ll start off as we planned _____. A. no matter he will come or not B. no matter whether he will come or not C. whether is he coming or not D. whether he comes or not 29. To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, _____ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before. A. that B. which C. where D. when 30. They wouldn’t let their cat outside _____ it wo uld get run over. A. otherwise B. supposing C. for fear that D. so that 31. I’ll go to the party with you _____ you don’t wear those strange trousers. A. on condition that B. as soon as C. as though D. in this case 32. I like the city, but I like the country better _____ I have more friends there. A. so that B. in that