1.the first period of Shakespeare's dramatic composition is the period of his apprenticeship in playing-writing,during which he,as a newcomer to London,made experiments in a number of dramatic forms:the historical play,varieties of comedy,the revenge tragedy,and the romantic tragedy.In these years he also wrote two narrative poems,Venus and Adonis维纳斯与安东尼斯,The Rape of Lucrece露易丝受辱记. [ə'prentisʃip]学徒期The second period is his mature period,mainly a period of "great comedies"and mature historical plays.The third period is mainly the period of "great tragedies"and "dark comedies 阴郁喜剧".It include 5 tragedies(Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,Timon of Athens雅典的泰门).The fourth period is the period of romantic drama.It include 4 romances or "reconciliation plays"(Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter'sTale,Tempest)and a historical play(Henry VIIII)[,rekənsili'eiʃən]n. 和解；调和；和谐2.Neoclassicists had fixed rules for almost every genre of literature;Prose should be precise,direct,smooth and flexible;Poetry should be lyrical,epical,didactic,satiric or dramatic,and each class should be guided by its own principle;Drama should be written in the heroic couplets,the three Unities should be strictly observed,regularity in construction should be adhered to,and the typical characters rather than individuals should berepresented.新古典主义几乎对每一种文学形式都有其固定的规则，散文应该是精确的、直接的、顺畅的、灵活的；诗歌应该是抒情、叙事、说教、讽刺或戏剧性的，每一类应该有自己的原则；喜剧应该写成英雄联韵体，应严格遵守三个单位,规律建设必须坚持规律建设,应该表示典型的角色而不是个人。
3.Robinson Crusoe was written by Daniel Defoe which symbolizes the production of the British realiam novel.4.5.An epic is a story or long poem telling the tale of a fictional or historical hero.An example of epic is Milton's Paradise Lost.6.A heroic couplet is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme is always masculine. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Legend of Good Women and the Canterbury Tales.英雄联韵体是英语诗歌的一种传统形式，通常用于史诗和叙事体诗；它是指用抑扬格五音步线构成的诗。
押韵总是阳性的。
英雄联韵体的先驱是乔叟的《善良女子的传说》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。
7.Illiad tells the story of Troy War.Three goddness strived for favour and prevailed on Troy prince to apirit away the queen Helen.To seize Helenback,Greek`s tribes mobilized an army 100 thousand strong and attacked Troy for 10 years.Finally Troy was captured.8.Odyssey tells the story that the Issachar king drifted in the sea for 10 years on his way back to his nation and reunioned with his kind and faithful wife after the Troy War.9.Robinson Crusoe tells the story of the adventures of Robinson.10.Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 –19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet and cleric who became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.He is remembered for works such as Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language, and is less well known for his poetry.乔纳森·斯威夫特(1667年11月30日- 1745年10月19日)是一名爱尔兰讽刺家、散文家、政治小册子作者(开始为辉格党,然后为保守党)、诗人和神职人员，是都柏林圣帕特里克大教堂的院长。
他被人铭记的作品有《格列佛游记》,《一个温和的建议》,《给斯黛拉的日记》,《书的战争》，《一只桶的故事》。
斯威夫特可能是英语中最重要的散文讽刺作家,但他的诗歌不太为人所知。
11.Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century inWestern Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.12.Metaphysical poets is a group of poets led by John Donne,who are good at using conciets.They express their feelings by reasoning things and unite their thoughts and emotions."玄学派"诗人是17世纪出现的以约翰。
邓恩为首的一派人，他们善于运用奇思妙喻，用说理的方式表达情感，把思想和情感统一起来。
13.A novel is a work of fiction, written in prose form, anywhere in length from about 150 pages to 1000 or more. The traditional novel features a least one major character, the protagonist, and often at least one antagonist, who is acting against the protagonist. A traditional novel often features rising action; this means that suspense builds throughout the novel until the end, or climax, when the major conflict at the heart of the plot is resolved. While a novel may incorporate true/historical material, it is considered fiction.14.A soliloquy is where a character speaks alone on stage expressing their thoughts (which of course only the audience can hear). its spoken in blank verse, which is a non rhyming poem.15.A ballad is a poem that tells a fairly simple story (narrative). It usuallyhas an easily identified, powerful metre and strong rhymes in an ABAB or AABB pattern. Some ballads are also set to music. Some ballads are highly descriptive narratives based on heroism or folklore (Banjo Paterson's The Man From Snowy River), some are narratives of suffering and love lost, or some just tell a humorous story. In modern music, "ballad" has come to refer to a slow, melodic, emotional song.。