英语语言学期末试题练习答案SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#英语语言学练习题Ⅰ. MatchingMatch each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B.Column A1.displacementngue3.suprasegmentalfeature4.deep structure5.predicationanalysis6.idiolect7.pidgin8.mistakes9.interlanguage 10.motivation11.arbitrarinesspetence13.broadtranscription14.morphology15.category16.errorsponentialanalysis18.context19.blending20.culture21.learningstrategies22.selectionalrestrictions23.phrase structurerules24.culturediffusionColumn BA.Learners’ independent system of the second language, whichis of neither the native language nor the second language,but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive,having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a secondlanguage. 21C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntacticcategories. 23D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enterculture B and become part of culture B. 24E.A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combineselements regarding regional, social, gender, and agevariations. 6F.A special language variety that mixes or blends languages andit is used by people who speak different languages forrestricted purposes such as trading. 7G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down ofpredications into their constituents---- arguments andpredicates. 5H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go withwhat others. 22I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with thehead’s subcategorization properties. 4J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of thedistinctive features of human language. 1N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, andlanguage that characterizes the life of the human community.20P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer.18Q.The way of word formation by which new words may be formed by combining parts of other words. 19R.A group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, anoun phrase or a verb. 15S.A way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. This approach believes that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components. 17T.The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 12U.One of the properties of human language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 11V.A way to transcribe speech sounds with letter-symbols only.13W.They reflect gaps in a learner’s knowledge of the target language, not self-corrigible. 16X.They reflect occasional lapses in performance. 8Ⅱ.Blank-filling.Fill in the following blanks with a word, whose initial letter has been given.1.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” Thisquotation is a good illustration of the a____ nature oflanguage. Arbitrary2.The description of a language at some point of time inhistory is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a d____ study. Diachronic3.Chomsky defines c____ as the ideal user’s knowledge of therules of his language, and performance the actualrealization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Competence4.In the production of vowels the air stream coming from thelungs meets with no o____. This marks the essentialdifference between vowels and consonants. Obstruction5.The different phones that can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environments are called the a____ of the phoneme. Allophone6.Allophones of the same phoneme cannot occur in the samephonetic environment. They are said to be in c____distribution. Complementary7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectivelyknown as i____. Intonation8.The m____ unit of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Minimum9.I____ morphemes are bound morphemes that are for the mostpart purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. Inflectional10.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usuallycontain three elements: head, specifier, and c____.Complement11.Concerning the study of meaning, conceptualist view holdsthat there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of c____ in the mind.concept12.The sense relation between “animal” and “dog” is calledh____. hyponymy13.P____ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have aset of different meanings. Polysemy14.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics iswhether in the study of meaning the c____ of use is taken into consideration. Context15.S____ refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of aparticular social class. Sociolect16.WHO is an a____ derived from the initials of “World HealthOrganization”. Acronym17.According to Halliday, language varies as its functionvaries; it differs in different situations. The type oflanguage which is selected as appropriate to the type ofsituation is a r____. Register18.In cross-cultural communication, some elements of culture Aenter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about the phenomenon of cultural d____. Diffusion19.While the first language is acquired s____, the second orforeign language is more commonly learned consciously.Subconsciouslynguage a______ refers to a natural ability for learning asecond language. Acquisition21.Vibration of vocal cords results in a quality of speechsounds called “v”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Voice22.The phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegment are called s____ features. Suprasegmental23.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure ofwords and rules for word f____. Formation24.The minimal unit of meaning is traditionally called m____.Morpheme25.The sense relation between “autumn” and “fall” i s calleds____. Synonym26.H____ refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form, . , different words areidentical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homonymy27.In daily communication, people do not always observe thefour maxims of the co-operative principle. Conversational i____ would arise when the maxims are flouted. Implicature28.SARS is an a____ derived from the initials of “Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome”. Acronym29.I____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker thatcombines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. Idiolect30.RP, the short form of “R____ Pronunciation” refers to theparticular way of pronouncing standard English. ReceivedⅢ.Multiple choice.Choose the best answer to the following items.1.____ is considered to be the father of modern linguistics.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. Leonard BloomfieldD. M. A. K. Halliday2.In the scope of linguistics, ____ form the part of languagewhich links together the sound pattern and meaning.A. morphology and syntaxB. phonetics andsemanticsC. semantics and syntaxD. morphology andsemantics3.____ studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, .,how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.A. auditory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC.articulatory phonetics4.Which of the following words begins with a velar voiced stop____A. godB. bossC. cockD. dog5.Which of the following words ends with a dental, voicelessfricative ____A. roseB. waveC. clothD. massage6.Which of the following words contains a back, open andunrounded vowel ____A. godB. bootC. walkD. task7.Which of the following is Not a velar sound _____A. [h]B. [k]C. [g]D. []8.Which of the following is Not a minimal pair____A. bat, biteB. kill, pillC. peak, pig,D. meat, seat9.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they10.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to theinflectional morphemes except ____.A. paintsB. painterC. paintedD. painting11.Which of the following words has more than three morphemes____A. psychophysicsB. boyfriendsC. forefatherD.undesirability12.The pair of words “dead and alive” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms13.Which pair of the following words can be categorized asstylistic synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. die & deceaseC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage14.X: John has given up smoking.Y: John used to smoke.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y15.X: My father has been to London.Y: My father has been to UK.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y16.When we violate any of the maxims of Co-operative Principle,our language might become ____.A. impoliteB. incorrectC. indirectD. unclear17.According to Searl’s classification of speech act s, whichof the following is an instance of directives ____A.I fire you!B.Your money or your life!C.I’m sorry for the mess I have made.D.I have never seen the man before.18.Which of the following words is entirely arbitraryA. treeB. crashC. typewriterD.bang19.The word “Kodak” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym20.Which of the following words is Not formed by means ofclipping_____A. memoB. motelC. quakeD. gym21.According to Halliday, mode of discourse refers to the _____of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means22.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionbelieves that language learning is simply a matter ofimitation and habit formation ____.A.The behaviorist viewB. The innatist viewC. The interactionist viewD. The cognitive theory23.Which of the following sentences is an example ofovergeneralization ____.A.Jane told me to give up smoking.B.Jane asked me to give up smoking.C.Jane advised me to give up smoking.D.Jane suggested me to give up smoking.24.Which of the following hypotheses is put forth by Dr.Krashen ____.A.Critical Period HypothesisB. InputHypothesisC. Language Acquisition Device HypothesisD. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis25.Who among the following linguists put forward Co-operativePrinciplesA.Paul GriceB. John SearleC. KrashenD. Leech26.Which of the following linguists is the initiator oftransformational generative grammarA.F. de SaussureB. N. ChomskyC. G. LeechD. M.A. K. Halliday27.When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as itsprimary language and children learn it as their firstlanguage, it becomes .B.A. creole... pidgin B.pidgin... creoleC.C. regional dialect... sociolectD.sociolect ... regional dialect28.____ studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view, .,how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate speechsounds.A. Auditory phoneticsB. Acoustic phoneticsC. Articulatoryphonetics29.We know the verb “put” requires an NP followed by a PP orAdv. Thus, the process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntacticcharacteristic is called .A. categorizationB. subcategorizationC. syntactic categoriesD. coordination30.Which of the following words contains a front, close andunrounded vowel ____A. badB. bedC. beatD. but31.The underlined morphemes in the following belong to thederivational morphemes except ____.A. fasterB. writerC. lovelyD. conversion32.Which of the following is an open class words____A. emailB. butC. theD. they33.The pair of words “borrow and lend” is called ____.A.gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.complementary antonyms34.Which pair of the following words can be categorized ascollocational synonyms____A. torch & flashlightB. pretty & handsomeC. amaze & astoundD. luggage & baggage35.X: My sister will soon be divorced.Y: My sister is a married woman.The sense relation between the above sentences is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is inconsistent with Y36.X: John married a blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.The sentence relation between X and Y is ____A. X entails YB. X presupposes YC. X is synonymous with YD. X is contradictory with Y37.According to Searl’s classificat ion of speech acts, whichof the following is Not an instance of directives ____A. Open the window!B. Your money or your life!C. Would you like to go to the picnic with usD. I have never seen the man before.38.The word “brunch” is a(n) ____.A. blendB. coined wordC. clipped wordD. acronym39.According to Halliday, field of discourse refers to the_____ of communication.A. subjectB. roleC. situationD. means40.There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix"ed" in the word "learned" is known as a( n)A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form41.Which of the following theories of language acquisitionholds that human beings are biologically programmed forlanguage and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking ____.A. The behaviorist viewB.The innatist viewC.The interactionist viewD.The cognitive theory42.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula43.Which of the following hypotheses is put forward by EricLenneberg ____.A. Critical Period HypothesisB.Input Hypothesisnguage Acquisition Device HypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44.Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled ____morpheme.A. inflectional B .free C. bound D. derivational45.There are ____ morphemes in the word denationalizationA. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixnguage isA. instinctiveB. non-instinctiveC. staticD. genetically transmitted47.Pitch variation is known as ____ when its patterns areimposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice48.Which one is different from the others according to mannersof articulationA. [z]B.[w]C.[e]D.[v]49.21. Which one is different from the others according toplaces of articulationA. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]50.Which vowel is different from the others according to thecharacteristics of vowelsA. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]51.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords arevibratingA. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant52.When a child uses “mummy” to refer to any woman, mostprobably his “mummy” means .A. + HumanB. + Human + AdultC. + Human + Adult – MaleD. + Human + Adult - Male +Parent53.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week." obviously violates the maxim of ______.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner54.The pair of words “north” and “south” is ___.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms55.Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of cross-associationA. other / anotherB. much / manyC. stalagmite / stalagtiteD. bow / bow56. describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD.Falsehood57."John sent Mary a post card." is a case ofA. one-place predicationB. two-place predicationC. three-place predicationD. no-place predication58."John killed Bill but Bill didn't die" is a( n)A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction59. refers to the process whereby a word is shortenedwithout a change in the meaning and in the part of speech.60.A. Blending B. Back-formation C. Clipping D. Conversion61.Which of the following aspects is NOT the core of the studyof general linguisticsA. soundB. structureC. meaningD. applicationⅣ.True of false judgment.Judge whether the following statements are true or false. Write T in the corresponding bracket for a true statement and F for a false one.1.Linguistics studies languages in general, but not anyparticular language, . English, Chinese, Arabic, and Latin, etc. T2.Modern linguistics regards the written language as thenatural or primary medium of human language. F3.In narrow transcription, we transcribe the speech sounds withletter-symbols only while in broad transcription wetranscribe the speech sounds with letter-symbols togetherwith the diacritics. T4.By diachronic study we mean to study the changes anddevelopment of language. Tplete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.T6.Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one,and until recently the most highly developed, is acousticphonetics. F7.The meaning of the word “seal” in the sentence “the sealcould not be found” cannot be determined unless the context in which the sentence occurs is restored. T8.An Innatist view of language acquisition holds that humanbeings are biologically programmed for language. T9.According to co-operative principle, the conversationalparticipants have to strictly observe the four maxims, sothat the conversation can go on successfully. F10.The same word may stir up different association in peopleunder different cultural background. T11.A child who enters a foreign language speech community by theage of three or four can learn the new language without thetrace of an accent. T12.In communication it will never be the case that what isgrammatical is not acceptable, and what is ungrammatical may not be inappropriate. F13.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. T14.Since there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds, language is absolutely arbitrary. F15.Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and backaccording to the manner of articulation. F16.Applied linguistics is the application of linguisticprinciples and theories to language teaching and learning. F17.A phonological feature of the English compounds is that thestress of the word always falls on the first element, and the second element receives secondary stress. F18.All the affixes belong to bound morphemes. T19.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of theprimary meaning of the word. T20.According to the innatist view of language acquisition, onlywhen the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, d o they process and internalize the language items. F21.When a child acquires his mother tongue, he also acquires alanguage-specific culture and becomes socialized in certain ways. T22.According to Austin, the performative utterance is used toperform an action, it also has truth value. F23.Children can learn their native language well whenever theystart and whatever kinds of language samples they receive. F24.Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. Itrefers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. T25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have differentreferences in different situations while linguistic formswith the same reference always have the same sense. FⅤ.Give a short answer to each of the following questions.1.Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in thestudy of word meaning. What are they and how are they related to each other P662.According to Halliday, what is register What are the socialvariables that determine the register P117-1183.What are the main features of human language that essentiallymake it different from other animal communication systems P8-94.Give a brief illustration to the “semantic triangle”suggested by Ogden andⅥ. Essay question.1.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person ispossibly performing while making an utterance Give anexample to illustrate this P80-822.What are the four maxims of the CP Illustrate with exampleshow flouting these maxims gives rise to conversationalimplicature P85-883.Please observe the following sentences; all of them are notwell formed. What rules does each of the following sentences violate And what are the two aspects in terms of sentence meaning Please illustrate briefly.1) He ated the cake yesterday.2) We will gone to Beijing tomorrow.3) The table intended to marry the chair.4) My favorite fruit is red pears.Please take a look at the section (page 73) to the first paragraph on page 74.1. The meaning of sentence is not the sum total of themeanings of all its components. And it includes bothgrammatical meaning and semantic meaning.2. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to itsgrammaticality, which is governed by the grammatical rulesof the language. Any violation can result in mistakes, making a sentence unacceptable. Such as sentence 1) has a wrong word “ated” and 2) has “will gone”;3. But grammatically well-formed sentences can still be unacceptable because whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is decided by rules called selectional restrictions, in other words, constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. Some sentences may be grammatically well-formed, yet they may not be semantically meaningful because they contain words which are not supposed to go together. For example, as we can find in sentence 3) and 4), no table would intend to marry the chair unless in a children’s story and there is no red pears usually in the world. Therefore, some selectional restrictions have been violated.。