英语语言学试题文件编码（008-TTIG-UTITD-GKBTT-PUUTI-WYTUI-8256）英语语言学试题B卷及答案（III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide whichone of the four choices best completes the statement and put thecorresponding letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1) The study of language at one point of time is a _______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive2）Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“fall” and “autumn” belong is called _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational3) The sentence “J ohn likes ice-cream” contains ________ arguments.A. oneB. twoC. noneD. three4) Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A. namingB. meaningC. communicationD. context5) Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content6) Of the three speech acts， linguists are most interested in the_______.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principlegive rise to _____.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. noneof the above8) The significance of Grice’s CP lies in that it explains how it ispossible for the speaker to convey ______ is literally said.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above9) The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variationand language use among a variety of speech communities and differentsocial situations.A. psycholinguisticsB. sociolinguisticsC. historical linguisticsD. generallinguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in itsphonological， morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB. systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B11）As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the languagepeople actually use， and not to lay down rules for "correct"linguistic behavior， it is said to be ___.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used forhuman communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal13) A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix“ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. freeform15) The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite16) “I bought some roses” __________ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with17）The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the ____________construction.A. predicateB. endocentricC.subordinate D. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike" ___ "You have a bike."A. is synonymous withB. isinconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 19） Of all the speech organs， the ___ is/are themost flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC.tongue D. vocal cords20）Chomsky uses the term _______ to refer to the actual realization ofa language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performanceIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech； thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken， but not written.3) The open-class words include prepositions.4) In classifying the English consonants and vowels， the same criteria can be applied.5) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S） and clauses （C） only.7)By synchrony we mean to study language change and development.8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.9)The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip”is hyponymy.10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis， . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1)The modern linguistics is d____________ ，not prescriptive， and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2)M___________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3)Langue refers to the language system shared by a community of speaker while p________ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker..4)The transformational component has transformational rules， which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure component into s________ structure.5)In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by c___________..6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b____________ transcription.7)In the cooperative principle， Grice introduced four categories of are maxim of quality， maxim of quatity， maxim of r__________ and maxim of manner.8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that languaged___________s our thinking pattern.9)There are two major approaches to error analysis： c____________ and non-contrastive analysis.10)P_________ is the study of language in use.VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.（%×2=5%）1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.2)The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）1)What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle2)What are the design features of language3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components5)What do you know about linguistics.参考答案III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide whichone of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letterA， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5 ABBBB 6-10 CCABD 11-15 CDBCC16-20 ABDCDIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse：（1%×15=15%）1）-5）： TTFFT 6）-10）： FFTTF 11）-15）： FFFFFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with oneword， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1） descriptive 2） Morpheme 3）parole 4） surface 5）concept 6） broad 7）relation 8）determines 9） contrastive 10） Pragmatics VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings.Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1）The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2）The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope， the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）1）A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the exchange） .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relation Be relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression.2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief （ avoid unnecessary prolixity） .4. Be orderly.2）Arbitrariness； Productivity； Duality； Displacement；Cultural transmission；3）A. Linguistics is descriptive， not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary， not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4）The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meaningsof all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example；（A） The dog bit the man.（B） The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings ofall its components， then the above two sentences would have the samemeaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know， there are two aspects to sentence meaning：grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of“the dog” and “the man” in （A） are different from the grammaticalmeanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （B）. The meaning of asentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It isthe product of the meaning of the constituent words and of thegrammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically toanother.英语语言学试题A卷及答案（I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1） duality 2） displacement 3） phonology4） morphology 5） concord 6）endocentric construction7） hyponymy 8） pragmatics 9）illocutionary force10) error analysisII. Translation （%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（%×10=5%）1） affricate 2）distinctive feature3） parole 4） generative grammar5） bilingualism 6） felicity condition 7）design feature 8） denotation 9） labiodental10） linguistic relativityTranslate the following terms into English：（%×10=5%）11）人际功能 12）真值条件13）女性语域 14）音节划分 15）结构主义16）社会语言学 17）论元 18）单元音19）衔接 20）对比分析III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide whichone of the four choices best completes the statement and put thecorresponding letter A， B， C or D on the answer sheet. （1%×20=20%）1）. language is a system of arbitrary _________ symbols used forhuman communication.A. culturalB. conventionalC. decodedD. vocal2）. A word with several meanings is called _________.A. an abnormal wordB. apolysemous wordC. a synonymous wordD. noneof the above3）. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix“ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） __________.A. derivational morphemeB. freemorphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. freeform4）. The syntactic rules of any language are ________ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite5）. “I picked some tulips.” __________ “I picked someflowers.”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. issynonymous with6）. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violatesthe maxim of __________.X： Who was that you were with last nightY： Did you know that you were wearing odd socksA. qualityB. quantityC.relation D. manner7）“Can I borrow your bike” _____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. isinconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes 8） The study of language at one point of time is a_______ study.A. synchronicB. historicC. diachronicD. descriptive9） Which of the following is a typical tone languageA. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above10） Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in___________.A. phonemic contrastB.complementary distributionC. minimal pairD.none of the above11） In terms of the place of articulation， the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of _________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental12） Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by _______ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. N. ChomskyC. F. SaussureD. M.A. K. Halliday13） Which of the following is a correct description of referenceA. a relationship between an expression and other expressions which have the same meaningB. the set of all objects which can potentially be referred to by an expressionC. a relationship between a particular object in the world and an expression used in an utterance to pick out that objectD. an intra-linguistic relationship between lexical items14） What is function of the sentence “How do you do’A. DirectiveB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Evocative15） In the following sounds， ________is a central vowel.A. //B. /u/C. //D. /з/16） Which of the following languages has the syllabic writingsystemA. ChineseB. JapaneseC. EnglishD. French17） Which description of the meaning components of the word“father” is rightA. [+human， +adult，-male]B.[+human， -adult， +male]C. [–human， +adult， -male]D. [+human，+adult， +male]18） Once the notion of ________ was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content19） Black English has a number of distinctive features in itsphonological， morphological and syntactic systems which are _______.A. rule-governedB.systematicC. arbitraryD. both A and B20）“Hot dog” with the first syllable stressed means _________.A. an overheated animalB. akind of foodC. a barking dogD.a dead dogIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true orfalse：（15 pts， 1 point for each）Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%×15=15%）1) Animal call systems are not genetically transmitted.2) According to N. Chomsky，“competence” is the actual realizationof his knowledge in utterance.3) A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.4) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.5) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentencespatterns of a language.6) Languages differ in their selection of contrastive sounds.7) The English spelling exactly represents its pronunciation.8) Constituents that can be substituted for one another with loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.9) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， . between a word and a thing it refers to.10) A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things.11) All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.12) Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.13) An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.14) Social dialects， or sociolects， are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.15) The structural tests focus on the communicative and linguistic competence.V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%×10=10%）1) The three branches of phonetics are labeled as a____________ phonetics， auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively.2) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over w_________.3) S_________ studies the sentence structure of language.4) C____________ analyis is based upon the belief that the mesning ofa word can be divided into meaning components.5) The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are h_____________.6) H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_________ transcription.7) Lingistics found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the c_________ of langauge use was left unconsidered.8) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a _______of messages.9) Language may determine our thinking pattern and similarity between languages is relative， the greater their structureal differentiation is， the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. This has often been called the Sapir-Whorf h___________.10) S______ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.VI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1) Flying airplanes can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man with the telescope.VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）1) What functions does language have Give some examples. （5 points）2) State the differences between the sentence meaning and utterance meaning. （5 points）3) Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics（ points）4) What are the seven types of meaning proposed by G. Leech in his Semantics （ points）5) In what way can linguistics contribute to the research in language learning （4 points）参考答案I. Define the following linguistic terms：（2%×10=20%）1） duality：The property of having two levels of structures， such that the units of the primary levelare composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.2） displacement： It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects， events and concepts which are not present at the present of communication.3） phonology： A subbranch of linguistics that studies the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work and convey meaning in the system of language.4） morphology： A subbranch of linguistics that is concerned with the internal organization of words.5） concord：The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.6） endocentric construction：A construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent or approaching equivalence to one of its constituents.7） hyponymy： It refers to meaning inclusiveness， that is，the sense relation between a more general， more inclusive word and a more specific word.8） pragmatics： It refers to the study of language in use.9） illocutionary force： It refers to the speaker’s meaning，contextual meaning， or extra meaning.11) error analysis： It is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner.the following terms：（%×20=10%）Translate the following terms into Chinese：（%×10=5%）1）塞擦音 2）区别性特征 3）言语4）生成语法 5）双语现象6）适切条件 7）结构特征 8）外延 9）唇齿音10）语言相对论Translate the following terms into English：（%×10=5%）11）interpersonal function 12） truth condition 13）women register 14）syllabification 15） structuralism16） sociolinguistics 17） argument 18）monophthong 19）cohesion20） contrastive analysisIII. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%×20=20%）1-5 DBCCA 6-10 CDABB 11-15 BBCBA16-20 BDBDBIV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. （1%×15=15%）1-5 FFFFF 6-10 FFFTT 11-15 FTFTFV. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%×10=10%）1） articulatory 2） writing 3） syntax 4） contituent 5）homograph 6） broad 7）context 8）receiver 9） hypothesis 10） SpeechVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（%×2=5%）1) The airplane that is flying can be very dangerous.The act of flying the airplane can be very dangerous.2) The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope， the boy saw the man.VII. Answer the following questions in English. （4%×5=20%）6) （5 points） Language functions include informative function，interpersonal function， performative function， emotive function，phatic communion， recreational function and metalingual function.Examples： omitted.7) （5 points） The meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized， while the meaning of an utterance is concrete and context-dependent. Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning； it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication， or simply in a context.8) （ points） Saussure was the father of modern linguistics and he was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of sings. To communicate ideas， signs must bepart of a system of signs， called conventions. He held that the signis the union of the signifier and the signified. He made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on thearbitrary nature of sign， on the relational nature of linguisticunits， on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics， etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.9) （ points） Conceptual meaning； connotative meaning； social meaning； affective meaning； reflected meaning； collocative meaning；thematic meaning；10) （4 points） Linguistics can contribute to the research in language learning by providing more accurate information about what language is in the first place. Language learning researchers are concerned with how teachers should teach and learner should learn. But the questions of “what to teach” and “what to learn” should be answered first. Linguistics certainly has an important role in answering these questions. Besides， applying linguistic analysis to the description of the language produced by language learners can also facilitate out understanding of how learners actually learn language.。