爆炸界限explosion limits霍根-华森图Hougen-Watson Chart德拜和法尔肯哈根效应Debye and Falkenhagen effect德拜－休克尔极限公式Debye-Huckel’s limiting equation 德拜立方公式Debye cubic formula聚沉值coagulation value聚沉coagulation聚（合）电解质polyelectrolyte精馏rectify键焓bond enthalpy触变thixotropy解离化学吸附dissociation chemical adsorption简并度degeneracy感胶离子序lyotropic series催化剂catalyst隔离法the isolation method隔离系统isolated system道尔顿定律Dalton law道尔顿分压定律Dalton partial pressure law超电势over potential缔合化学吸附association chemical adsorption等温等容位Helmholtz free energy等温等压位Gibbs free energy等温方程equation at constant temperature等焓线isenthalpic line等焓过程isenthalpic process等几率定理theorem of equal probability焦耳定律Joule's law焦耳-汤姆生效应Joule-Thomson effect焦耳-汤姆生实验Joule-Thomson experiment焦耳-汤姆生系数Joule-Thomson coefficient焦耳Joule敞开系统open system菲克扩散第一定律Fick’s first law of diffusion粗分散系统thick disperse system第三定律熵third-law entropy第二类永动机perpetual machine of the second kind第一类永动机perpetual machine of the first kind盖斯定律Hess law盖·吕萨克定律Gay-Lussac law s9焓enthalpy混合熵entropy of mixing混合物mixture接触角contact angle接触电势contact potential弹式量热计bomb calorimeter常见术语基态能级energy level at ground state基希霍夫公式Kirchhoff formula基元反应elementary reactions高会溶点upper consolute point高分子溶液macromolecular solution胶凝作用demulsification胶核colloidal nucleus胶束micelle胶冻broth jelly胶体粒子colloidal particles胶体化学collochemistryuJ胶体分散系统dispersion system of colloid x'Qw(胶体colloid `ZG%9胶团micelle vw(7积分溶解热integration heat of dissolution 0GKNyG盎萨格电导理论Onsager’s theory of conductance nY_9=<爱因斯坦－斯托克斯方程Einstein-Stokes equation #IT爱因斯坦光化当量定律Einstein’s law of photochemical equivalence )X*77+浸湿功immersion wetting work K'(^:e浸湿immersion wetting y5'9>格罗塞斯－德雷珀定律Grotthus-Draoer’s law &FZ根均方速率root-mean-square speed 1C#f费米－狄拉克统计Fermi-Dirac statistics _Z8{2绝热量热计adiabatic calorimeter ftLh绝热指数adiabatic index 2绝热过程adiabatic process +:D&5绝对熵absolute entropy u绝对温标absolute temperature scale KMO#绝对反应速率理论absolute reaction rate theory U[<}fs结晶热heat of crystallization @结线tie line gmKm~,科尔劳施离子独立运动定律Kohlrausch’s Law of Independent Migration of Ions 1""_> 界面张力surface tension GG8C界面interfaces hlD_玻色－爱因斯坦统计Bose-Einstein statistics )W玻尔兹曼熵定理Boltzmann entropy theorem S"Gv玻尔兹曼常数Boltzmann constant 3"玻尔兹曼分布Boltzmann distribution O@V玻尔兹曼公式Boltzmann formula l$n^P独立子系统independent particle system L{AMd活度activity 3Tspk活化控制activation control "`F~d活化能activation energy :8,@WI活化络合物理论activated complex theory 3b标准熵standard entropy *标准摩尔燃烧焓standard molar combustion enthalpy |3Q\{G标准摩尔熵standard molar entropy K标准摩尔焓函数standard molar enthalpy function D标准摩尔吉布斯自由能函数standard molar Gibbs free energy function +F0 标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation enthalpy :Qf标准摩尔生成吉布斯函数standard molar formation Gibbs function G标准摩尔反应熵standard molar reaction entropy }AY标准摩尔反应焓standard molar reaction enthalpyuK&标准摩尔反应吉布斯函数standard Gibbs function of molar reaction qg~标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode [标准态standard state 2\m"标准状况standard condition W标准压力standard pressure M_iG标准电极电势standard electrode potential 7IHl<标准电动势standard electromotive force q标准平衡常数standard equilibrium constant Ii柯诺瓦洛夫－吉布斯定律Konovalov-Gibbs law |$;查理定律Charle’s law {rO挥发度volatility I~恒容摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant volume d3>恒容热heat at constant volume -W)T恒沸混合物constant boiling mixture DlEh=r恒压摩尔热容molar heat capacity at constant pressure 1uJX^恒压热heat at constant pressure <Bi恒外压constant external pressure 1 J|H封闭系统closed system 7lLG复合反应composite reaction Of7R-饱和蒸气压saturated vapor pressure _<饱和蒸气saturated vapor J;饱和液体saturated liquids P饱和吸附量saturated extent of adsorption REe-非基元反应non-elementary reactions H}},e,非依时计量学反应time independent stoichiometric reactions r非体积功non-volume work |yr|规定熵stipulated entropy @Anve:表面活性剂surfactants ^eh;.表面质量作用定律surface mass action law AA7表面张力surface tension *6L*u表面吸附量surface excess MnN表面过程控制surface process control V=bE^表面surfaces bF<My#表观摩尔质量apparent molecular weight <,表观活化能apparent activation energy IGBI表观迁移数apparent transference number \F范德华常数van der Waals constant qk)范德华气体van der Waals gases Jy?t!X范德华方程van der Waals equation #范德华力van der Waals force 2F{范特霍夫渗透压公式van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure 1 范特霍夫规则van’t Hoff rule C>FY范特霍夫方程van’t Hoff equation Lu{Y{环境熵变entropy change in environment t<环境environment K,FS波义尔温度Boyle temperature $`KN波义尔点Boyle point /u^*8波义尔定律Boyle law moS)+\法拉第常数faraday constant 'g?法拉第定律Faraday’s law AR2泊Poise <<J+沸点升高elevation of boiling point |piwD沸点boiling point )R构型熵configurational entropy q定域子系统localized particle system Er?F"定容摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant volume 0iH0QY 定容温度计Constant voIume thermometer OYR定压摩尔热容molar heat capacity under constant pressure , 'OBi 定压温度计constant pressure thermometer k孤立系统isolated system z<]Osx固溶胶solid sol "&9zb固相线solid phase line ()#固态混合物solid solution Rk~<单链反应straight chain reactions R单分子层吸附理论mono molecule layer adsorption H单分子反应unimolecular reaction _tg7附加压力excess pressure Yp阿累尼乌斯活化能Arrhenius activation energy t(|LLs阿累尼乌斯电离理论Arrhenius ionization theory /dq4阿累尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation PQ'阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro’number y阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro law Id}A阿马格定律Amagat law %沉降电势sedimentation potential g.}沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium 1%E沉降sedimentation -rvK极限摩尔电导率limiting molar conductivity d+极化作用polarization #ySz极化曲线polarization curves V,极化电极电势polarization potential of electrode dK_1杠杆规则lever rule {}低熔冰盐合晶cryohydric $/kYn低共熔混合物eutectic mixture n7.低共熔点eutectic point ,低会溶点lower consolute point F7<亨利常数Henry constant ,亨利定律Henry law j过程process mWhV`过渡状态理论transition state theory s'过热液体overheated liquid B过饱和蒸气oversaturated vapor 27过饱和溶液oversaturated solution Q,*0过冷液体overcooled liquid W过冷水super-cooled water +Rr~S负极negative pole \M负吸附negative adsorption m安托万常数Antoine constant \R安托万方程Antoine equation LL2sQ多方过程polytropic process ESA多分子层吸附理论adsorption theory of multi-molecular layers[' 吉布斯函数判据Gibbs function criterion 'e吉布斯函数Gibbs function *^;r/吉布斯－杜亥姆方程Gibbs-Duhem equation #^QYYb吉布斯吸附公式Gibbs adsorption formula ?#e(吉布斯自由能Gibbs free energy vY_吉布斯－亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmhotz equation Ksi吉氏函数Gibbs function j6Kd<s动力学控制kinetics control bi9动力学方程kinetic equations B共轭溶液conjugate solution su1k共沸温度azeotropic temperature *O>光谱熵spectrum entropy 4光敏反应photosensitized reactions $aq#?光反应photoreaction HK#光化学第二定律the second law of actinochemistryaCVu>u光化学第一定律the first law of actinochemistrypG价数规则rule of valence '产率yield ~IL亥姆霍兹函数判据Helmholtz function criterion >亥姆霍兹函数Helmholtz function v/(6h亥姆霍兹自由能Helmholtz free energy .`=a亥氏函数Helmholtz function E*FV节流膨胀系数coefficient of throttling expansion -]DX节流膨胀throttling expansion H?节流过程throttling process Hv4艾林方程Erying equation lA8UJ电解池electrolytic cell <P电量计coulometer #电渗析electrodialysis 5{电渗electroosmosis JW电流效率current efficiency B\L6h电泳electrophoresis V}yIla电极种类type of electrodes Z{电极电势electrode potential sxdn电极反应reactions on the electrode oM.L8S电迁移率electromobility EP^ODU电迁移electro migration oh电池常数cell constant ]y电池电动势electromotive force of cells RV*;电池反应cell reaction [T电导率conductivity 9C9L电导conductance hQKG电动势的温度系数temperature coefficient of electromotive force OF&H=q 电动电势zeta potential +电功electric work S}dZh电化学极化electrochemical polarization U电化学electrochemistry a甘汞电极calomel electrode u?zK弗罗因德利希吸附经验式Freundlich empirical formula of adsorption 4z布朗运动brownian movement q对称数symmetry number $R@(对应状态原理principle of corresponding state L+对行反应reversible reactions 5$BW*S对比摩尔体积reduced mole volume ,$W!对比温度reduced temperature A对比体积reduced volume QOV对比压力reduced pressure卡诺循环Carnot cycle QC卡诺定理Carnot theorem 9cQ>6半衰期half time period hSj#半电池half cell 0{q3功函work content S>JYK功work .A!N计量系数stoichiometric coefficient R ;u\计量式stoichiometric equation比浓粘度reduced viscosity比表面吉布斯函数specific surface Gibbs function比表面功specific surface work开尔文公式Kelvin formula反渗透reverse osmosis反应速率常数constant of reaction rate反应速率rate of reaction反应热heat of reaction反应进度extent of reaction反应级数reaction orders反应分子数molecularity反电动势back E.M.F.化学热力学chemical thermodynamics化学亲合势chemical affinity化学势判据chemical potential criterion化学势chemical potential化学吸附chemisorptions化学动力学chemical kinetics化学反应进度extent of chemical reaction化学反应计量系数stoichiometric coefficient of chemical reaction ~C 化学反应计量式stoichiometric equation of chemical reaction Gl3 $ 分解电压decomposition voltage y(-分散相dispersion phase qq分散系统disperse system &<分配定律distribution law }1d:*分体积定律partial volume law 4v;|n|分体积partial volume aIO~oi分压定律partial pressure law b分压partial pressure 852?t分布数distribution numbers RH&_{分布distribution J0分子蒸馏molecular distillation Mnm;分子间力intermolecular force wpG3w{分子反应力学mechanics of molecular reactions m71:不可逆相变化irreversible phase changeVey`e不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes lMXK\ 不可逆过程irreversible process 'iu广度性质extensive property 9'=D+广延量extensive quantity +t?c广延性质extensive property v;l%%几率因子steric factor fw_?二级相变second order phase change ,\(二级反应second order reaction {+/丁达尔效应Dyndall effect Tsn;ζ电势zeta potential 5?d!EpVT性质pVT property 4cHLB法hydrophile-lipophile balance method 9b=DLVO理论DLVO theory 3qe'`XBET公式BET formula ],h可能的电解质potential electrolyte D可逆电池reversible cell ]\5+?可逆过程reversible process hFA_Zh可逆过程方程reversible process equation wIC?可逆体积功reversible volume work |h 6[n可逆相变reversible phase change [克拉佩龙方程Clapeyron equation ]克劳修斯不等式Clausius inequality w4]2克劳修斯－克拉佩龙方程Clausius-Clapeyron equation vfDiy控制步骤control step ]3库仑计coulometer -}4K,`扩散控制diffusion controlled l@_拉普拉斯方程Laplace’s equation 6~ow'I拉乌尔定律Raoult law ,?兰格缪尔－欣谢尔伍德机理Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism 0"f)兰格缪尔吸附等温式Langmuir adsorption isotherm formula *a)8'雷利公式Rayleigh equation ~)冷冻系数coefficient of refrigeration qH冷却曲线cooling curve `离解热heat of dissociation fL|M=i离解压力dissociation pressure gk[K@*离域子系统non-localized particle systems ^S\离子的标准摩尔生成焓standard molar formation of ion 6离子的电迁移率mobility of ions I|*离子的迁移数transport number of ions '离子独立运动定律law of the independent migration of ions il离子氛ionic atmosphere -9l%ui离子强度ionic strength |QC理想混合物perfect mixture SOQ9~)理想气体ideal gas zn2理想气体的绝热指数adiabatic index of ideal gases X理想气体的微观模型micro-model of ideal gas 1t`(T理想气体反应的等温方程isothermal equation of ideal gaseous reactions Lx=wx 理想气体绝热可逆过程方程adiabatic reversible process equation of ideal gase_ 理想气体状态方程state equation of ideal gas u理想稀溶液ideal dilute solution 1K@[{理想液态混合物perfect liquid mixture <Ng粒子particles /2[y#0粒子的配分函数partition function of particles z连串反应consecutive reactions T.~(B%链的传递物chain carrier ?E链反应chain reactions 4{量热熵calorimetric entropy xX量子统计quantum statistics q0N量子效率quantum yield %@{临界参数critical parameter 1R9t%n临界常数critical constant a)hZ0临界点critical point v/[it临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration 85z+N临界摩尔体积critical molar volume x临界温度critical temperature %临界压力critical pressure +gG4C临界状态critical state k\h零级反应zero order reaction zlD,x5流动电势streaming potential cvrJ流动功flow work 7J)笼罩效应cage effect #Q路易斯－兰德尔逸度规则Lewis-Randall rule of fugacity ?6"S] 露点dew point / ~%S露点线dew point line gJ$麦克斯韦关系式Maxwell relations 1e,kU)麦克斯韦速率分布Maxwell distribution of speeds Ln;ht麦克斯韦能量分布MaxwelIdistribution of energy -@u/>$毛细管凝结condensation in capillary E)vBu毛细现象capillary phenomena j米凯利斯常数Michaelis constant PY摩尔电导率molar conductivity ]_86`5摩尔反应焓molar reaction enthalpy /摩尔混合熵mole entropy of mixing &摩尔气体常数molar gas constant #F6j摩尔热容molar heat capacity ^6O#P摩尔溶解焓mole dissolution enthalpy ~w摩尔稀释焓mole dilution enthalpy *&6@$d内扩散控制internal diffusions control 34,iV{内能internal energy MA7RVn内压力internal pressure [?:q能级energy levels ,+jm能级分布energy level distribution , Fo4能量均分原理principle of the equipartition of energy Wnc能斯特方程Nernst equation oR~sQK能斯特热定理Nernst heat theorem N*;凝固点freezing point Wph#,凝固点降低lowering of freezing point p&I8>凝固点曲线freezing point curve ?`ZE凝胶gelatin k凝聚态condensed state$ :Q>k凝聚相condensed phase ~浓差超电势concentration over-potential "7&S浓差极化concentration polarization %0浓差电池concentration cells _\sf[L帕斯卡pascal PT泡点bubble point i`EDw泡点线bubble point line n9配分函数partition function ICi配分函数的析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a p6"r roduct of the separate partition functions for each kind of state |1;D碰撞截面collision cross section W\4vFV碰撞数the number of collisions F|W.r偏摩尔量partial mole quantities n平衡常数（理想气体反应）equilibrium constants for reactions of ideal gases 3gz 平动配分函数partition function of translation x_&2:平衡分布equilibrium distribution yL:.平衡态equilibrium state Zdy平衡态近似法equilibrium state approximation ~C平衡状态图equilibrium state diagram :s平均活度mean activity a平均活度系统mean activity coefficient 5+?平均摩尔热容mean molar heat capacity Q"/;c平均质量摩尔浓度mean mass molarity R98Vs平均自由程mean free path 3!#平行反应parallel reactions >24G"破乳demulsification ZC}o,T铺展spreading /普遍化范德华方程universal van der Waals equation g其它功the other work #MWq6气化热heat of vaporization U气溶胶aerosol q5气体常数gas constant @气体分子运动论kinetic theory of gases $H气体分子运动论的基本方程foundamental equation of kinetic theory of gases O气溶胶aerosol \,cyVr气相线vapor line E-Ko迁移数transport number 2~Q潜热latent heat Fq\=强度量intensive quantity &"强度性质intensive property 0:q亲液溶胶hydrophilic sol v X氢电极hydrogen electrodes dZT>I区域熔化zone melting T*sNC&热heat Toz0i热爆炸heat explosion T热泵heat pump l'E-C热功当量mechanical equivalent of heat u@!x|t热函heat content |^热化学thermochemistry C:el热化学方程thermochemical equation |Km热机heat engine x<.4热机效率efficiency of heat engine 9<热力学thermodynamics yaEq热力学第二定律the second law of thermodynamics ]]3&<t 热力学第三定律the third law of thermodynamics ]Hc7/z热力学第一定律the first law of thermodynamics 70Y1.热力学基本方程fundamental equation of thermodynamics } 热力学几率thermodynamic probability :rd! ,热力学能thermodynamic energy &z`h[热力学特性函数characteristic thermodynamic function |:q! 热力学温标thermodynamic scale of temperature =+OK.D热力学温度thermodynamic temperature EYz.-热熵thermal entropy iE热效应heat effect Tfs熔点曲线melting point curve Dm$L熔化热heat of fusion Zkw[溶胶colloidal sol <溶解焓dissolution enthalpy $4$(溶液solution X溶胀swelling +IXA乳化剂emulsifier P1sv"乳状液emulsion *润湿wetting &{Z润湿角wetting angle {x萨克尔－泰特洛德方程Sackur-Tetrode equation .4%jO三相点triple point DcS~b三相平衡线triple-phase line Fb/,熵entropy VI-cv熵判据entropy criterion S_6"熵增原理principle of entropy increase Q/#渗透压osmotic pressure /-+$渗析法dialytic process uD<I4生成反应formation reaction ,fx升华热heat of sublimation m$0T实际气体real gas L舒尔采－哈迪规则Schulze-Hardy rule yckK松驰力relaxation force !T4#G松驰时间time of relaxation ??/:B速度常数reaction rate constant M$速率方程rate equations B;速率控制步骤rate determining step ~4M塔费尔公式Tafel equation E#态－态反应state-state reactions xFEpS唐南平衡Donnan equilibrium f]pxRZ淌度mobility uJP特鲁顿规则Trouton rule -dKH特性粘度intrinsic viscosity lr体积功volume work 5TIK9u统计权重statistical weight }{e;R统计热力学statistic thermodynamicsrG'3统计熵statistic entropy x/{Yx途径path B'h途径函数path function 0[9-I`外扩散控制external diffusion control Fy-完美晶体perfect crystalline q%3q6U完全气体perfect gas O/微观状态microstate -微态microstate km韦斯顿标准电池Weston standard battery Ne`+q维恩效应Wien effect 1维里方程virial equation GM#维里系数virial coefficient >%4L稳流过程steady flow process E{-?eM稳态近似法stationary state approximation '无热溶液athermal solution A~无限稀溶液solutions in the limit of extreme dilution E~物理化学Physical Chemistry E物理吸附physisorptions cS5:hF吸附adsorption 9Hl@x吸附等量线adsorption isostere P]]_*吸附等温线adsorption isotherm =^Eh吸附等压线adsorption isobar Gd]y^吸附剂adsorbent [XH$F<吸附量extent of adsorption !>吸附热heat of adsorption 8;吸附质adsorbateIxZ'析出电势evolution or deposition potential woMK析因子性质property that partition function to be expressed as a product of G=?PU稀溶液的依数性colligative properties of dilute solutions sJ 稀释焓dilution enthalpy 1zt系统system 5Oz系统点system point Fv{x#系统的环境environment of system *61"&!相phase b`>相变phase change +b相变焓enthalpy of phase change %相变化phase change ]2相变热heat of phase change ?[l相点phase point a}pQ)相对挥发度relative volatility _相对粘度relative viscosity xvmF相律phase rule oC7?A相平衡热容heat capacity in phase equilibrium .T相图phase diagram C<相倚子系统system of dependent particles )Q悬浮液suspension cYimX循环过程cyclic process g(压力商pressure quotient x;&E[n压缩因子compressibility factor Zf5LqE压缩因子图diagram of compressibility factor 1eY3)亚稳状态metastable state v^B盐桥salt bridge ]kk盐析salting out s#("?8阳极anode 3r$Q杨氏方程Young’s equation `液体接界电势liquid junction potential <,haIq液相线liquid phase lines _一级反应first order reaction B){q5E一级相变first order phase change kQ\依时计量学反应time dependent stoichiometric reactions 65} 逸度fugacity =逸度系数coefficient of fugacity \K阴极cathode N_Er?荧光fluorescence Sw=l9永动机perpetual motion machine hw永久气体Permanent gas 7zMR有效能available energy ZM{7N-原电池primary cell $CU;L原盐效应salt effect E增比粘度specific viscosity P(憎液溶胶lyophobic sol gT沾湿adhesional wetting #沾湿功the work of adhesional wetting n真溶液true solution -M3-V真实电解质real electrolyte _真实气体real gas /真实迁移数true transference number y+振动配分函数partition function of vibration z)fAy)振动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration fm8N 蒸气压下降depression of vapor pressure FfN k正常沸点normal point ok;I"正吸附positive adsorption XhI:SS支链反应branched chain reactions Yp)直链反应straight chain reactions Gb^指前因子pre-exponential factor hvubw.质量作用定律mass action law rG3o<制冷系数coefficient of refrigeration !y中和热heat of neutralization G轴功shaft work 1*s]M转动配分函数partition function of rotation 4?d转动特征温度characteristic temperature of vibration o}8*W" 转化率convert ratio #$L*8转化温度conversion temperature }9状态state `状态方程state equation Iq状态分布state distribution g状态函数state function 4=R5准静态过程quasi-static process BW_准一级反应pseudo first order reaction d3自动催化作用auto-catalysis Cy!自由度degree of freedom /t"1自由度数number of degree of freedom )tbyg自由焓free enthalpy gWv自由能free energy 0"O-_自由膨胀free expansion ->"组分数component number }Dj+%j最低恒沸点lower azeotropic point [最高恒沸点upper azeotropic point ?最佳反应温度optimal reaction temperature 4OI最可几分布most probable distribution 6QD最可几速率most propablespeed#m。