博士研究生入学英语考试试卷(2002. 5.13)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (20 minutes)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes thesentence. Then write down the answer on the Answer Sheet.1.While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping B to give her long and flowing hair a Smooth.A.simultaneouslyB. occasionallyC. eventuallyD. promptly2.Most electronic devices of this kind, C manufactured for this purpose, are tightly Packed.A.which isB. what areC. as areD. they are3.1 found the missing letter C on die top shelf.A.lyingB. lainC. layingD. resting4.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to D the consequences.A.run intoB. abide byC. step intoD. answer for5.It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a B way when in a furious state.A.credibleB. rationalC. legalD. stable6.“May I take the instrument out of the laboratory?” "No, you DA.may notB. can notC. might notD. must not7.All the off-shore sailors were in high spirits as they read C letters from theirfamilies.A.intimateB. affectionateC. sentimentalD. sensitiveA.—D_on the table.B.There are three strong cup of coffeeC.Three strong cups of coffee are thereD.There are three cups of strong coffeeE.There are strong three cups of coffee8.Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be A in some form.A. given offB. set offC. used upD. put out9.A A of the long report by 由e budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.A. schemeB. shorthandC. scheduleD. sketch10.The business of each day,A selling goods or shipping them, went quitesmoothly.A. it beingB. was itC. be itD. it was11. A the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. But forB. In spite ofC. As forD. Because of12.Today, housework has been made easier by electrical B.A. instrumentsB. appliancesC. facilitiesD. equipment13.Don't C the news to the public until we give you the go-ahead.A.retainB. discardC. relieveD. release14.Accustomed to climbing trees,B. HtA.it was not difficult to reach the topB.the top was not difficult to reachC.I had no difficult reaching the topD.To reach the top was not difficult16. A his knowledge of the mountainous country, John Smith was appointed as guide.A.On account ofB. In spite ofC. Regardless ofD. Instead of17.When I took his temperature, it was two degrees above D.A. ordinaryB. averageC. regularD. normal18.With sufficient scientific information a manned trip to Mars should be C.A. potentialB. considerableC. feasibleD. obtainable19.Why did you pay so much money for that small apartment? You A better.A. should have knownB. may have knownC. will have knownD. must have known20.1 was suspicious of his sincerity and remained D by his many arguments.A. unconfirmedB. reassuredC. unconvincedD. unconcerned21.“When again?” “When he —B, I'll let you know.”A. he comes; comesB. will he come; comesC. he comes; will comeD. will he come; will come22.Because of the strong sun Mrs. William's new dining room curtains A from dark blue togray within a year.A. fadedB. faintedC. paledD. diminished23.Our attitude toward our teachers should be D, but not slavish or superstitious.A. respectedB. respectableC. respectiveD. respectful24.There was to prevent the accident.A. something that could doB. anything we could doC. nothing we could doD. nothing could be done25.With all kinds of fabric samples, the designer could not make up her mind B.A. to select which oneB. which one to selectC. which to be selectedD. about selecting which26.Your help is A for the success of the project.A. indispensableB. inevitableC. inherentD. indicativewyers often make higher C for their work than they should.A. costsB. pricesC. chargesD. bills28.Dress warmly,D youUl catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. in no wayD. or else29.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and _B him of speeding.A. blamedB. accusedC. deprivedD. charged30.We were rather upset by his _C to support our proposal.A. rejectingB. refusingC. denyingD. resistingPart II Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer onthe Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhat does a scientist do when he or she "explains" something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. Most psychologists deal with generalization. They explain particular instances of behavior as example of general laws. For instance, most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. Presumably, the person was frightened earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animaL Perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog , and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response一fear.Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simple phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membranes of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cells. A molecular biologist would “explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another.The t ask of physiological psychology is to “explain" behavior in physiological terms. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena一including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics. Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes.How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiologists cannot simply be reductionist. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time, Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: This means that we must understand “psychologically" why a particular behavior occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur.3 L What does the passage mainly discuss?A.The difference between “scientific" and "unscientific" explanations.B.The difference between human and animal behavior.C.What fear would be explained by the psychologist, physiologist, and molecularbiologist.D.How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena.32.In the first paragraph, the word "deal" could best be replaced by which of the following?A.barterB. are playingC. bargainD. are concerned33.Which of the following is most clearly analogous to the example in the passage of theperson who fears dogs?A.A child chokes on a fish-bone and as an adolescent is reluctant to eat fish.B.A person feels lonely and after a while buys a dog for companionship.C.A child studies science in school and later grows up to become a teacher.D.A person hears that a snowstorm is predicted and that evening is afraid to drive home.34.According to the passage, which of the following is important in explaining a musclemovement?A.Classical conditioning.B. The flow of blood to the muscle.C.Protein interactions.D.The entry of unpleasant stimuli through the cell membrane.35.The author implies that which of the following is the type of scientific explanation mostlikely used by a molecular biologist?A.GeneralizationB. ExperimentationC. InteractionD. ReductionPassage TwoYou stare at waterfall for a minute or two, then shift your gaze to its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward, You are aboard a train in a busy station when suddenly another train next to your starts moving forward. For a fraction of a second you feel that your train has lurched backward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantly matching its model of reality to signals from the body's sensors and interpreting what must be happening—that your train must have moved, not the other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it must be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye contains about 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and white vision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark, they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structures called cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can "see" the entire rainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitive to red, another to green, a third to blue. By monitoring how any wavelength of light affects the different cones, a connected ganglion cell can determine its “color" and relay those data backward.Rods and cones send their massages pulsing an average 20 to 25 times per second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a second longer than it actually appears. In movies, reels of still photographs are projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes into seeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual affects. When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T.S. Eliot called "the violet hour." As light levels fall, the rods become active, and the cones become progressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorter wave-lengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to the garden's blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset, and you'll still see it in its “true" color—white, not red. Our eyes are constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. They therefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illumination on both, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light and shades of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of pieces of information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a picture of the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors, called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. As the Renaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, "Who would believe that so small a space could contain the images of all the universe?" And only now, 500 years later, are we beginning to learn how the eyes do it.36.Visual illusions often happen when the image of reality is.A.signaled by about 120 million rods in the eyeB.interpreted in the brain as what must be the caseC.confused in the body's sensors of both rods and conesD.matched to six to seven million structures called cones37.The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of color is called.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum38.At night rods can be so active as to be able to see clearly.A. redB. blueC. whiteD. violet39.The retina sends pulse to the brain.A. in short wavelengthsB. by a ganglion cellC. as color pictureD. along the optic nerve40.Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous moving picture just becauseA.the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appearsB.the eyes catch million pieces of information continuouslyC.rods and cones send message 20 to 25 times a secondD.we see object in comparison with its surroundings41.The author's purpose in writing the passage is to•A.regret that we are too slow in the study of eyesB.marvel at the great work done by the retinarm us about the different functions of the eye organsD.show that we sometimes are deceived by our own eyesPassage ThreeAn invisible border divides those arguing of computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind ofprofessional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take一at the very longest一 a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. Tt should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.42.The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.A. self contradictoryB. dubiously orientedC. far reachingD. radically reformatory43.The belief that education is indispensable to all children.A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocatesC.came into being along with the arrival of computersD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries44.It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model ofprofessional training is.A.of little practical valueB.worth trying in various social sectionsC.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesD.attractive to every kind of professional45.According to the author, basic computer skills should be.A.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsB.mastered through a life-long courseC.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseD.included as an auxiliary course in schoolPassage FourThe would-be sleeper who re-fights his daily battles in bed or rehearses tomorrow's problems 一finds it hard to fall asleep. Then he starts worrying about his inability to sleep, which increases his insomniac, which increases his worries, which in a new development that may help the insomniac to break this vicious cycle, Dr. Werner P. Koella of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology has discovered a chemical in the brain that may control normal sleep.The substance, known as serotonin, is one of a number of so-called neurohormone in the brain that researchers suspect play an important part in controlling the mind and the emotions. Such chemicals, researchers have learned, assist in transmitting nerve impulses from one nerve cell to another. Serotonin, Koelia notes, is produced in particularly high concentrations in the hypothalamus, t he ••primitive" lower part of the brain and the stem, which joins the brain to the top of the spinal cord and is known to contain the centers controlling the level of consciousness. Conceivably, Koella reasoned, serotonin was the transmitter substance in thebrain stem and hypothalamus that regulated sleep.In preliminary experiments, Koella found that giving Serotonin to cats' brains and attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) machine to record the brain waves; next, the serotonin was injected directly into brain or an artery in the neck. The pupils of the animals' eyes narrowed and the electroencephalograms showed "slow” waves characteristic of deep sleep within five to ten minutes.More recently, Koella deprived cats of serotonin. The animals, again equipped with implanted electrodes, were given PCPA, a drug that blocks the formation of serotonin. They were then placed in small compartments fitted with one-way mirrors and watched round the clock. Normally cats sleep about fifteen hours a day; but Koella's cats after receiving PCPA, spent about 30 minutes of each day sleeping. Most of the time, their EEG'S showed the brainwave patterns of arousal. Occasionally the cats would curl up as if to go to sleep, but would soon get back on their feet to wander about. The animals showed signs of irritability and often meowed complainingly after a few days of sleep deprivation, but had normal reflexes. The effects of the PCPA wore off eight days to two weeks after administration of the drug; the cats returned to their normal sleeping patterns as serotonin levels in their brains rose again.Koella believes that at least some types of chronic insomnia may be caused by a drop in brain-serotonin levels. The Worcester physiologist is now working on chemical ways to raise the brain's serotonin levels and produce, in his words, "a truly physiological sleeping pill.” Synthetic sleeping pills, such as barbiturates, bring sleep, but at a price: they depress the central nervous system, reduce heart action and respiration—and they can become habit-forming or even addictive.46.The main idea of this passage is.A.Dr. Koella has done many experiments with catsB.Dr Koella has discovered a chemical called serotonin which might be the body's naturalhormone for controlling sleepC.Serotonin might be a better sleeping aid because it is a natural hormoneD.A good night's sleep is possible47.According to Dr. Koella, some people can not sleep normally because.A.their brain-serotonin levels are lowB.they worry too much about their inability to sleepC.they suffer from chronic diseasesD.they addict to synthetic sleeping pills48.The sentence “They were ...... w atched round the clock.” Means that.A.the cats walked around a clockB.the cats were watched 24 hours a dayC.there was a round clock in the cats, compartmentsD.the cats were watched to walk around the clock49.In paragraph 6, Dr. Koella implies, but does not directly stated, that.A.he has developed a natural sleeping pill which will raise the serotonin level in the bodyB.sleeping pills are habit-formingC.a natural sleeping pill would be superior to synthetic pills because it would have no badeffects on the bodyD.chemical ways to raise the brain's serotonin levels produce a truly physiologicalsleeping pill50.The language used in this article indicates that Dr. Koella.A.is positive that serotonin controls sleepB.is quite uncertain whether serotonin controls sleepC.thinks that serotonin might control sleepD.is quite certain whether serotonin controls sleepPart III Cloze Test (15 minutes)Directions: For each number blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A), B, C) and D). Choose the best one and write down your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.The law is a great mass of rules, showing when and how far a man is liable to be punished, or to be made to 51 over money or property to his 52 and so forth. These rules are contained 53 books. A lawyer learns them in the main by 54 books.He begins by doing 55 else than reading and after he has prepared himself 56Say, three years' study to practice, 57 , all his life long and almost every day, he will be58 books to read a little more than he already knows about some new questions 59 he has to answer.The power to use books, then, is a 60 which a good lawyer ought to 61 He ought to have enough flexibility to 62 it easy for him to collect ideas 63 printed words. He ought to have some readiness in finding, 64 a book contains, and something of an instinct for 65 to look for what he wants.But 66 this is the power of which he will first feel the need, it is not the most 67 .A lawyer does not study law to recite it: he studies it to use it and 68 on the rules which he has learned in real life. His 69 is to try cases in court and to 70 men what to keep or get out of trouble.5L A. get B. hand C. look D. take52. A. inhabitants B. settlers C. neighbors D. residents53. A. by B.upon C. for D. in54. A. reading B. writing C. reciting D. compiling55. A. much B. something C. plenty D. little56. A. during B. over C. within D. by57. A. just B. still C. almost D. perhaps58. A. looking into B. leaving behind C. seeing through D. payingback59. A. what B. why C. which D. how60. A. promise B. cause C. talent D. mission61. A. cover B. regard C. possess D. evaluate62. A. enable B. weigh C. suggest D. make63.A. of B. from C.about D. towards64. A. what B. how C. that D. which65. A. why B. where C. when D. which66. A. although B. if C. provided D. unless67.A. natural68.A. depends69.A. targetA. adviseB. strange B. actsB. opportunity B. orderPart IV Short Answer QuestionsC. importantC. countsC. adviceC. trust (15 minutes)D. magnificentD. drawsD. businessD. forbidDirections: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statementinthe fewest possible words.The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination, and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration.As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statues protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being.This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person's child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing.The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States in a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period of time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.Questions:1.What is the subject of this passage?2.According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their3.What does the author mention as a cause of changes in the role of child in the United States?4.In the fourth paragraph, what d oes the author mean by saying “a two-way transaction"?5.What caused the parents' increasing interest in the techniques of raising child?Part V Translation （30 minutes）Directions: Read the following passage, then translate it into Chinese.Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotion; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.Youth means a temperamental气质）predominance of courage over timidity of the appetite, for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years. We grow old by deserting our ideals.Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonder, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the infinite, so long are you young.When the aerials（天线）are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism（玩世不恭）and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.青春不是年华，而是心境；青春不是桃面，丹唇，柔膝，而是深沉的意志,恢宏的想象，炽热的感情;青春是生命的源泉在不息的涌流。